CHILD LABOUR IN BRASS INDUSTRIES IN MORADABAD: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF iflafiter of ^fjilofioptjp in j&ociologp BY "^SADAF NASIR UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF ! I yj. /\ DR. ABDUL MATIN 1^ 'Xs r \/cd^ DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2008 Vod i' Conp^«t SIS^ -'^^ •L 5 A OCT 2011 DS4092 'Deducted (ma ^Of^e tmOt tod^ i<n ^ [i] ^(B<D'L^/1 ^MJlnT^U. A. (Patna),M.Phil. (Delhi), Ph.D. (Toronto) Department of Sociology & Soc. Work Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202002 (U.P.) India Mobile: 9219173127 E-mail: amatinamu(g),gmail.com 10 June 2008 cjE_^n:_ijF_i_c_jijrjE 'this is to certify that 9/Ls. Sadaf iNasir has wor^cffor her !M.<PhiC(Degree on the topic "ChiOf LaBour in ^rass Industries in MoracfaBad: ^ Sodotogicat Study" under my supervision. I have guided her By regutar chec^ of data and other necessary material at every step. The wor^ done By her is originaL I recommend this dissertation for suBmission for the degree of Master of (Philbsophy in Sociology. ((Dr. XBdut Matin) (Reader in Sociology Supervisor AchAOwledgewve^^ity I offer my thcunk^ to- AhnCghty for yicwivi^ lH&iAed/ wie/ wCt!h OnupiratCon/ cwod/ pen^er\t patience^ wCdhotAt which I could/ viot Truwe/ ieen/ tHti' work/ through/. My id^ecLy and/ encotArage^yient frowv ie^eral/ yoxArce^ have/ gone/ Cntcr the/ mofeing' of the/ preient' vjorh. I would/ Uke/ to- thoAxh vuxwierou^ people/ whoie/ (WiA^ou/uue/ <M\jd/ encourage^nevr^ hcv[/e/ provided/ the/ import for the/ completCoyv of thi^ dXi{,ertatCon/. Without their nurturance/ and/ support along/ the/ winding/ path, getting/ to thd' point would/ yuyt hwe/ heerupoiirCble/. \/Oord^ and/ le'^Ucony cannot do- fuXb jixtitlce/ in &)Cpre4iifing' o/ deep iieniie/ of gratitude/ and/ indebtedneij^ which fLowyfrom/hearttowa^di^ my &&teeYyied/ iuperviior Vr. Ahdui Matin, Header, Department of Sociology £j- Social' Work/. Under hiy hene^/oience/ and/ able/ guidance/, I learned/ and/ ventured/ to write/. I ejCpre4ry my heart-felt gratitude/ to hivtv for hly keen interest, valuable/ adA/ice/ and/ iugge^tiony, enthaiia4tio support and/ constant i(Upervii(von. I a^w highly indebted/ to- him/ for gi^i/ing/ me/ liberty to encroach upon/ hCy valuable/ tiwve/ and/ for hCy hCndneiy and/ [ii] cuffkctUm/ vuiXh/ which I wo*' treated/ in/ they e^cecutton/ of my re^eafdv \oork/. I deem/ Ct a/ (^exxt plea-nAre/ to- ackviowledge/ my profouvui/ Rectitude/ to- Prof. hJoor Mofvom/mcui} Chairmx!W/, Vepartmey^t of Sociology £r Socidb \Oorh for- IrU^ import (Mid/ co-operation/ IAV varCou&' wayy. I e^erid/my ^(^vcere^th<;t4^lcir-to-cM'th^teachXA^ Stcxff of my depart^n&y\t for their oo-OpercvtCon/ cvnd/ encottfogement: I oZiO- cu:hnowled^ my s^Cvicere/ thav\hy to- the/ stcvff of MCUAICWIO/ A^^ad/ Library, 'Departm£r\t of Hditory A.M.U. AlCgarh/, VCrector IviterdX^iCCplCncuy Cer\Jter of Ve^/elopmev\t Studies (I.C.V.S.) AM.U. AUgcwh/, VCrector Cer\ter for Wowien/Studies, AM.U., AlCg-arh, Labour Oepctr£>nent' of Mora/iabad/ for the/ octiA/e/ co-operatCon/ hy theA^ perKmneb, it had/ perhccpy not been/ po^iUble/ to- coUect the/ vdlu/miruywy C^\foi^mx^ioy\/i4vthe/prepaA^ation/ofthij^dCiiiertat^ I owe/ o/ hyt, with the/ bottom/ of my hea^rt to- MC&5< hJaXlo/ Ka&hid/, whoha^r'gi\/en/m^ Cv\ten&^irupportayndhooited/my m/orale/which/hebped/ m£/o/great deab Cw my venture/. Wordy carv only Cyu;ide<^uately ejdprej/y my feelings of gratitude/ towardymyfrCeruiywho-were/dlMjayyhy my yid^ Crv mx>m£^yity of dCitreiy. [iii] I c{^m/^atefiAhtcrcOJUof1he,m/^e<:AxiiJb)/, Sadaf, AwUvia/, Aiwia-i hJido/cond/ Maryam//br. tKeCr hCndvi&ii' cuid/ cnnArance/ Ctv differev\t: mxMv^ wayy. My sincere/ ccpprecCaticm/^oei/to- my fcMvUly for thely lovej patietvce/, u^^uienitctndCng^ cuid/ lAVi^cdacCble/ acppovt. Hy pare^\ty were/ cdwayy he^iide/ wie/ cuid/ aXV tKe^ 'Ume/ helCe\/ed/ Cw vv\y abviCty to- HACceyed/. WttK<?uC' tHeCf evicoiAra^ewiey\t I couM^notluwe^e^en'imxx^uxed/tO'heg^Avth^ work/. I expre^fied/ my demoted/ re^ard^to- my elder iC&t&n^, Scvmreevu and/ ShehMor aA^Bra&\jer-iv\rlcoMy'Ma^^x>db-Hw!,ciA^ So/eed/ cw\d/ my younger U&ter SiMvicUya/ who-had/lon/^heev\/deeply lovCng/ (Mxd/ kCndi My brother Kciihif, whoie/, che^rfu}/and/yvyiCUAvg-fcu:e/h/we/c^ I>cen/a/5<>urce'Of itKe^ogth/onc^e^oauirageme^ me: 3&fbre/1 end/j I pray to-AhnCghty to- giA/e/ me/ better Opportunity i>v cowling yeary to- gcUn/ mxyre/ knowledge/, honour and/ po^tCtLon/ Vn/ order to-fidfUl/the/amhvtCon'Ofmy loving^parenty [iv] CONTENT Page No. I. Introduction 1-25 1.1- Who is a Child? 6-7 1.2- Definitions of Child labour 7-11 1.3- Differences between Child Labour and Child Work 11-15 1.4- Forms of Child Labour 15-16 1.5- Causes of Child Labour 16-22 1.6- Magnitude of Child Labour (U. P. and Kerala / Andhra Pradesh) 22-25 II. Review of Literature 26-42 2.1- Literacy / Education and Child Labour 27-33 2.2- Poverty / Low Income / Unemployment / Under Employment and Child Labour 33-36 2.3- Health (Hazardous and Non-Hazardous) and Child Labour 36-42 iii. Historical Background 43-80 3.1- History of Child Labour in India 44-48 3.2- History of Brass 48-50 3.3- History of Moradabad 50-54 3.3.1- Origin andDevelopment of Brass Industry of Moradabad 54-61 3.3.2- Industry Definition by Description of Main Products 61-63 3.3.3- Entry and Employment Pattern 63-66 3.3.4- Main Processes / Stages involved in Brassware Manufacturing 66-78 3.3.5- Studies on Child Labour in Moradabad 78-80 iv. Child Labour in Moradabad 81-115 4.1- Macro Scenario 82-102 4.2- Micro Scenario 102-107 4.2.1- Hazardous / Non-Hazardous 108-110 4.2.2- Effects on Children's Health working in the Brass Industry of Moradabad 110-115 v. Conclusion 116-125 vi. Glossaiy 126-128 vii. References / Bibliography / Websites 129-149 viii. Appendices 150-167 [V] List of Tables / Figures / Map Page No. Map 1.1: Map of District Moradabad 4 Table 3.1: Two broadly Classified Categories of Brassware 62-63 Figure 3.1: Flow Chart Showing Stages of Production and Work Activities 65 Figure 4.1: Figure 4.1: % of Economically Active Children, 1995 84 Table 4.1: Different Estimates on the Magnitude of Child Labour in India 85 Table 4.2: Activity-Wise Distribution of Child Workers in the year 1971 and 1981 86 Table 4.3: Number of Child Workers (5-14 years) Engaged in Hazardous Occupations as per 2001 Census 87 Table 4.4: Occupation and Ethnic Composition of Working Children 88-89 Table 4.5: Reasons for Sending Children to Work 89 Table 4.6: State-wise Distribution of Working Children according to 1971,1981, 1991 and 2001 Census in the age group 5-14 year 92 Table 4.7: Literacy rate for Children by Sex and Residence for major states 7-14 age group 94 Table 4.8: Percentage of Children Attending School by Sex and Residence for major states 5-14 age group 96 Table 4.9: Percentage of Children as main workers by Sex and Residence for major states in 5-14 age groups 98 Table 4.10: Percentage of Children as Workers (main and marginal) by Sex and Residence for major states 5-14 age group 98 Table 4.11: Profileof Child Labour in India 109-110 Table 4.12: Health and Safety Concerns at Each Stage of Production 114 Table 4.13: Distribution of Health Hazards in Brassware Industry of Moradabad across Various Reasons and Stages of Production 115 [vi] CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION "'Child labour has sevious consequences that stay with the individual and with society for far longer than the years of childhood. Young workers not only face dangerous working conditions. They face long-term physical, intellectual and emotional stress. They face an adulthood of unemployment and illiteracy". (Kofi A. Annan, Secretary General of United Nations). (www.antislave'ry.org/homepage/antislavery/childlabour.htm) CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1- WHO IS A CHILD? 1.2- DEFINITIONS OF CHILD LABOUR 1.3- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILD LABOUR AND CHILD WORK r.4- FORMS OF CHILD LABOUR 1.5- CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR 1.6- MAGNITUDE OF CHILD LABOUR (UTTAR PRADESH AND KERALA / ANDHRA PRADESH) The significance and the importance of the child lie in the fact that the child is the universe. If there was no child, there would be no humanity and there cannot be a universe without humanity. Therefore, mankind owes to the child best that it has to be given. If there is no proper growth of child today, the future of the country will be in dark. It is thus an obligation of every generation to bring up children who will be citizen of tomorrow in a proper way. Today's children will be the leader who will hold the country's banner high and maintain the prestige of the nation. If a child goes on a wrong path it is just because of lack of proper attention, training and guidance, it will indeed be a deficiency of the society and of the present government. Every society must, therefore, devote full attention to ensure that children are properly cared for and brought up in a proper atmosphere where they should receive adequate training, education and guidance in order to achieve a respectful place in a society when they grow up.