2020 Maldives Common Country Analysis MARCH 2020 i Table of Contents 2019 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. VIII PURPOSE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CCA ...................................................................................... IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. XI CHAPTER 1. COUNTRY CONTEXT ............................................................................................................ 2 Political Situation and Trends ........................................................................................................................................3 Human Rights Situation .................................................................................................................................................4 Economic Context ..........................................................................................................................................................9 Social Context .............................................................................................................................................................. 15 Environmental Context ................................................................................................................................................ 29 Interlinkages Among the Three Dimensions of Sustainable Development ................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 2. NATIONAL VISION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ....................................... 40 Key development priorities and needs of the Maldives ............................................................................................... 40 National Long-Term Plans ............................................................................................................................................ 42 The relationship between economic, social and environmental dimensions in the national vision for sustainable development, human rights, and peace....................................................................................................................... 46 Prioritised SDGs and indicators proposed in the draft NDP ......................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 3. COUNTRY PROGRESS TOWARDS THE 2030 AGENDA ........................................... 49 CHAPTER 4: LEAVING NO-ONE BEHIND ............................................................................................. 56 Women ........................................................................................................................................................................ 56 Children and Youth ...................................................................................................................................................... 60 Migrants ...................................................................................................................................................................... 63 Others at Risk .............................................................................................................................................................. 66 ii Regional and urban/atoll differences .......................................................................................................................... 69 Challenges to Addressing Exclusion .............................................................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER 5. COMMITMENTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL NORMS AND STANDARDS ............ 71 Treaty Bodies ............................................................................................................................................................... 71 HRC and Special Procedures ........................................................................................................................................ 71 National Human Rights Framework ............................................................................................................................. 72 Incorporation of international human rights norms into national law ......................................................................... 72 Other multilateral treaty obligations ........................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 6. CROSS BOUNDARY AND REGIONAL / SUB-REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES ........... 74 External partnerships and influences ........................................................................................................................... 74 Partnerships for development and attainment of the SDGs ........................................................................................ 77 CHAPTER 7: FINANCING LANDSCAPE AND OPPORTUNITIES ..................................................... 79 CHAPTER 8: GAPS AND CHALLENGES TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE 2030 AGENDA ............. 86 Cross-Cutting Issues ..................................................................................................................................................... 86 The 5 Ps: challenges and gaps ...................................................................................................................................... 88 UN Comparative Advantage and Partnerships ............................................................................................................. 92 ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................................... 56 ANNEX 1: ANALYSIS OF RISKS................................................................................................................ 56 ANNEX 2: CORE UN HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES, ILO CONVENTIONS & ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS & REGULATIONS ........................................................................................................... 63 iii List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AMR Ani-Microbial Resistance CAT Convention Against Torture CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCS Climate Change Strategy CCPR CCPR Covenant on Civil and Political Rights CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CERD Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination CESCR Covenant or Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights CHOGM Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CO2 Carbon Dioxide COP Convention of Parties COT Crown of Thorns CPED Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CRMW Convention on Protection of Rights of All Migrant Workers CRPD Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities CSO Civil Society Organisation CWD Children with Disabilities DC Defined Contributions DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EmOC Emergency Obstetric Care EPPA Environmental Protection and Preservation Act EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FDI Foreign Direct Investment FCSC Family and Children’s Service Centres GBV Gender Based Violence GCM Global Compact on Safe Orderly and Regular Migration GDI Gender Development Index CH4 Methane GHG Green House Gas GDP Gross Domestic Product GOI Government of India GOM Government of Maldives GST General Sales Tax H1 First half of fiscal year HDI Human Development Index HEI Higher Education Institution HIES Household Income Expenditure Survey HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus iv HLPF High Level Political Forum HR Human Right HRCM Human Rights Commission of the Maldives ICT Information and Communications Technology IDB Islamic Development Bank IFI International Financial Institution IHR International Health Regulation ILO International Labour Organisation IMF International Monetary Fund IOM International Organization for Migration IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission JSC Judicial Service Commission Kg Kilo Gram KWp Kilowatt peak LFPR Labour Force Participation Rate MCCPF Maldives Climate Change Policy Framework MCH Maternal and Child Health MDG Millennium Development Goals MGFSS Ministry of Gender, Family and Social Services MNPI Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure MNU Maldives National University MPI Multi-dimensional Poverty Index MRPS Maldives Retirement Pension Scheme MTBF Medium Term Budgetary Framework MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NCD MQA Maldives Qualification Authority N2O Dinotrogen Monoxide NALO National Assessment of Learning Outcomes NBS National Bureau of Statistics NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NDA National Drugs Authority NDC Nationally Determined Conditions NCD Non-communicable Disease NCF National Curriculum Framework NEET Not in Employment, Education or Training NER Net Enrolment Ratio NGO Non-governmental Organisation NMCC National Ministerial Coordination Committee NPI New Policy Initiative NPSD National Programme for Sustainable Development NSDF National Strategic Development Framework NSP National Spatial Plan NSPA National Social Protection Agency