ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION THE ASHGatE RESEarCH COMPANION TO IMPERIAL GERMANY ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION The Ashgate Research Companions are designed to offer scholars and graduate students a comprehensive and authoritative state-of-the-art review of current research in a particular area. The companions’ editors bring together a team of respected and experienced experts to write chapters on the key issues in their speciality, providing a comprehensive reference to the field. The Ashgate Research Companion to Imperial Germany Edited by MattHEW JEFFERIES University of Manchester, UK © Matthew Jefferies 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Matthew Jefferies has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editor of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818 Surrey, GU9 7PT USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Ashgate research companion to Imperial Germany / edited by Matthew Jefferies. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4094-3551-8 (hardcover) – ISBN 978-1-4094-3552-5 (ebook) – ISBN 978-1-4724-0575-3 (epub) 1. Germany–History–1871-1918. I. Jefferies, Matthew, editor. DD220.A84 2015 943.08’3–dc23 2014037447 ISBN 9781409435518 (hbk) ISBN 9781409435525 (ebk – PDF) ISBN 9781472405753 (ebk – ePUB) Printed in the United Kingdom by Henry Ling Limited, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, DT1 1HD Contents Notes on Contributors ix Introduction 1 Matthew Jefferies PART I: STATE AND MONARCHY 1 Imperial Governance 13 Katharine Anne Lerman 2 Prussian Governance 33 Hartwin Spenkuch 3 The German Monarchies 55 Frank Lorenz Müller PART II: POLITICS AND SOCIETY 4 Elections 77 Thomas Kühne 5 Liberalism 91 Eric Kurlander 6 Conservatism 111 Oded Heilbronner 7 Nationalism 123 Mark Hewitson 8 Antisemitism 143 Lars Fischer 9 Political Catholicism 159 Jeffrey T. Zalar 10 Socialism 177 Stefan Berger and Stefan Braun The Ashgate Research CompANion TO iMperiAL Germany PART III: CULTURE AND IDENTITY 11 Particularism and Localism 195 Jennifer Jenkins 12 Popular Culture 209 Kaspar Maase 13 Gender 225 Ann Taylor Allen 14 Religion 245 James E. Bjork 15 Class 261 Dennis Sweeney PART IV: ECONOMY AND ENviRONMENT 16 Trade Policy and Globalization 289 Cornelius Torp 17 Agricultural Labour 303 Simon Constantine 18 The Environment and Environmentalism 317 Thomas Rohkrämer 19 Population: Demography and Mobility 333 Steve Hochstadt PART V: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, MILITARism AND WAR 20 International Relations 347 Andreas Rose 21 Militarism 367 Benjamin Ziemann 22 The Army 383 William Mulligan 23 The Navy and the Sea 399 Jan Rüger vi CONTENTS 24 Germany and the Origins of the First World War 413 Annika Mombauer 25 Colonialism and Genocide 433 Jürgen Zimmerer index 453 vii For Alison, Ava and Martha Notes on Contributors Ann Taylor Allen Professor of History at the University of Louisville, she is the author of four books and more than 20 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Her books include Women in Twentieth-Century Europe (2008), Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800–1914 (1991), and Satire and Society in Wilhelmine Germany: Simplicissimus and Kladderadatsch, 1890–1914 (1984). Stefan Berger Professor of Social History and Director of the Institute for Social Movements at the Ruhr University, Bochum, he is the author and editor of numerous works on comparative labour history, nationalism and the history of historiography. His books include Friendly Enemies: Britain and the GDR, 1949–1990 (2010), Inventing the Nation: Germany (2004), and Social Democracy and the Working Class in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Germany (2000). Stefan Braun Student assistant at the Institute for Social Movements, Ruhr University, Bochum, he has published on the history of the Jewish workers’ movement in Germany. James Bjork Senior Lecturer in Modern european history at King’s college london, he is the author of Neither German nor Pole: Catholicism and National Indifference in a Central European Borderland (2008) and numerous articles on the cultural, social and political history of Central Europe. Simon Constantine Lecturer in Modern European History at the University of Wolverhampton, his research focuses on nineteenth- and twentieth-century German history, especially on its rural society, and on the treatment of migrant and minority groups. His book Social Relations in the Estate Villages of Mecklenburg 1880–1924 was published in 2007. Lars Fischer Teaching fellow at University College London, his research focuses predominantly on the history of antisemitism and Jewish/non-Jewish relations in modern Germany and, more recently, on music as an historical source. His publications include The Socialist Response to Antisemitism in Imperial Germany (2007) and numerous articles on the political, intellectual and cultural history of Jewish/non-Jewish relations. Oded Heilbronner Lecturer in History and Cultural Studies at the Shenkar College of Engineering and Design in Tel Aviv and at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, he has published numerous articles in English, Hebrew and German in journals such as the Journal of Modern History, Journal of Contemporary History, the Historische Zeitschrift and Geschichte und Gesellschaft. His books include From Popular Liberalism to National Socialism (2015), Populäre Kultur, Populärer The Ashgate Research COmpaniON TO Imperial GermanY Liberalismus und das Bürgertum im ländlichen Deutschland (2006), and Catholicism, Political Culture and the Countryside: A Social History of the Nazi Party in South Germany (1998). Mark Hewitson Professor of German History and Politics at University College London, his interests lie principally in German and European history, history of art, politics and social theory in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. His books include History and Causality (2014), Nationalism in Germany, 1848–1866: Revolutionary Nation (2010), Germany and the Causes of the First World War (2004), and National Identity and Political Thought in Germany: Wilhelmine Depictions of the French Third Republic, 1890–1914 (2000), as well as the co-edited volume What is a Nation? Europe, 1789–1914 (2006, with Timothy Baycroft). Steve Hochstadt Professor of History at Illinois College in Jacksonville, he has published widely on both demographic history and the Holocaust. His books include Exodus to Shanghai: Stories of Escape from the Third Reich (2012), Sources of the Holocaust (2004), and Mobility and Modernity: Migration in Germany, 1820–1989 (1999). Matthew Jefferies Professor of German History at the University of Manchester, his books include Hamburg: A Cultural and Literary History (2010), Contesting the German Empire (2008), Imperial Culture in Germany (2003), and Politics and Culture in Wilhelmine Germany: The Case of Industrial Architecture (1996), as well as articles in journals such as History, German History and the Journal of Design History. Jennifer Jenkins Canada Research Chair for Modern German History at the University of Toronto, she works on nineteenth- and twentieth-century German cultural and political history, with an emphasis on nationalism, public culture and civil society. Her first book, Provincial Modernity: Local Culture and Liberal Politics in Fin-de-Siécle Hamburg (2003), investigated the making of a modernist public culture in Imperial Germany. Her current projects include a book on German–Iranian relations entitled Weltpolitik on the Persian Frontier: Germany and Iran in the Age of Empire and Germany Among the Global Empires 1815 to the Present for the Wiley-Blackwell series ‘A New History of Modern Europe’. Thomas Kühne Professor of History and the Strassler Family Chair in the Study of Holocaust History at Clark University in Massachusetts, his doctoral dissertation on Prussian electoral politics in the imperial era won the German Bundestag Research Prize. His books include Belonging and Genocide: Hitler’s Community, 1918–1945 (2010), Dreiklassenwahlrecht und Wahlkultur in Preußen 1867–1914. Landtagswahlen zwischen korporativer Tradition und politischem Massenmarkt (1994), and Handbuch der Wahlen zum Preußischen Abgeordnetenhaus 1867–1918. Wahlergebnisse, Wahlbündnisse und Wahlkandidaten (1994). Eric Kurlander Professor of History at Stetson University in Florida, he has written extensively on German liberalism, nationalism, and esotericism in Imperial, Weimar, and Nazi Germany. His books include Transcultural Encounters Between Germany and India: Kindred Spirits in the 19th and 20th Centuries (2014, with Joanne Miyang Cho and Douglas McGetchin), Living with Hitler: x NOtes ON COntribUTORS Liberal Democrats in the Third Reich, 1933–1945 (2009), and The Price of Exclusion: Ethnicity, National Identity, and the Decline of German Liberalism, 1898–1933 (2006). Katharine Anne Lerman Senior Lecturer in History at London Metropolitan University, she has published widely on Imperial Germany, with a particular focus on power and decision-making in Berlin. Her books include Bismarck: Profiles in Power (2004) and The Chancellor as Courtier: Bernhard von