TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Six I. TYPES OF LEGISLATION............................................................................ 1 A. Express authorization to exercise universal jurisdiction over crimes against humanity ..................................................................................... 1 B. Universal jurisdiction over ordinary crimes which may amount to crimes against humanity ..................................................................................... 2 C. Universal jurisdiction over crimes defined or listed in treaties .................. 2 D. Universal jurisdiction over crimes under customary international law or general principles of international law .................................................. 3 E. Direct incorporation of international law ......................................... 3 II. COUNTRY BY COUNTRY ANALYSIS ................................................... 4 Algeria ...................................................................................................... 4 Argentina .................................................................................................. 4 Armenia .................................................................................................... 4 Australia ................................................................................................... 5 Austria ...................................................................................................... 5 Azerbaijan ................................................................................................. 6 Belarus ...................................................................................................... 7 Belgium ..................................................................................................... 7 Bolivia ..................................................................................................... 12 Bosnia and Herzegovina ........................................................................ 13 Brazil ....................................................................................................... 15 Bulgaria .................................................................................................. 16 Burundi ................................................................................................... 17 Cameroon ............................................................................................... 17 Canada .................................................................................................... 17 Chile ........................................................................................................ 19 China ...................................................................................................... 20 Colombia ................................................................................................. 22 Costa Rica ............................................................................................... 23 Croatia .................................................................................................... 23 Cuba ........................................................................................................ 24 Cyprus ..................................................................................................... 25 Czech Republic ....................................................................................... 25 Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) ............................ 26 Denmark ................................................................................................. 26 Dominican Republic ............................................................................... 27 East Timor .............................................................................................. 27 Ecuador .................................................................................................. 28 Egypt ....................................................................................................... 28 El Salvador ............................................................................................. 29 Estonia .................................................................................................... 29 Ethiopia .................................................................................................. 32 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ............................................................. 32 Finland ................................................................................................... 33 France ..................................................................................................... 34 Georgia ................................................................................................... 38 Germany ................................................................................................. 39 Ghana ..................................................................................................... 40 Greece ..................................................................................................... 41 Guatemala .............................................................................................. 41 Honduras ................................................................................................ 42 Hungary .................................................................................................. 42 Iran ......................................................................................................... 43 Iraq ......................................................................................................... 43 Ireland .................................................................................................... 44 Israel ....................................................................................................... 44 Italy ......................................................................................................... 45 Japan ...................................................................................................... 46 Jordan ..................................................................................................... 46 Kazakhstan ............................................................................................. 47 Kyrgyzstan .............................................................................................. 47 Lao People’s Democratic Republic ........................................................ 47 Latvia ...................................................................................................... 48 Lebanon .................................................................................................. 48 Liberia ..................................................................................................... 49 Liechtenstein ........................................................................................... 49 Lithuania ................................................................................................ 49 Luxembourg ........................................................................................... 51 Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of ...................................... 51 Malta ....................................................................................................... 51 Mexico .................................................................................................... 52 Moldova .................................................................................................. 52 Monaco ................................................................................................... 53 Mongolia ................................................................................................. 53 Netherlands ............................................................................................ 53 New Zealand ........................................................................................... 54 Nicaragua ............................................................................................... 55 Norway .................................................................................................... 56 Panama ................................................................................................... 57 Paraguay ................................................................................................. 57 Peru ......................................................................................................... 57 Philippines .............................................................................................. 58 Poland ..................................................................................................... 58 Portugal .................................................................................................. 59 Romania ................................................................................................. 60 Russian Federation ................................................................................ 61 Senegal.................................................................................................... 61 Slovak Republic ...................................................................................... 61 Slovenia .................................................................................................. 64 South Africa ..........................................................................................