Access Contested Information Revolution and Global Politics William J. Drake and Ernest J. Wilson III, editors The Information Revolution and Developing Countries Ernest J. Wilson III Human Rights in the Global Information Society Rikke Frank J ø rgensen, editor Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective Manuel Castells, Mireia Fern á ndez-Ard è vol, Jack Linchuan Qiu, and Araba Sey Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain, editors Governing Global Electronic Networks: International Perspectives on Policy and Power William J. Drake and Ernest J. Wilson III, editors Working-Class Network Society: Communication Technology and the Information Have-Less in Urban China Jack Linchuan Qiu Transforming Global Information and Communication Markets: The Political Economy of Innovation Peter F. Cowhey and Jonathan D. Aronson Protocol Politics: The Globalization of Internet Governance Laura DeNardis Access Controlled: The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain, editors Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance Milton L. Mueller Access Contested: Security, Identity, and Resistance in Asian Cyberspace Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain, editors Access Contested Security, Identity, and Resistance in Asian Cyberspace edited by Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain International Development Research Centre Ottawa · Cairo · Dakar · Montevideo · Nairobi · New Delhi · Singapore The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please email [email protected] or write to Special Sales Depart- ment, The MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. The online edition of this work is available from IDRC and at http://www.access-contested.net . International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON K1G 3H9, Canada [email protected] / www.idrc.ca < http://www.idrc.ca > ISBN 978-1-55250-507-6 (IDRC e-book) This book was set in Stone Sans and Stone Serif by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Access contested : security, identity, and resistance in Asian cyberspace / edited by Ronald Deibert . [et al.]. p. cm. — (Information revolution and global politics) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01678-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-262-51680-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Cyberspace — Government policy— Asia. 2. Computer security — Asia. 3. Computers — Access control — Asia. 4. Internet — Government policy — Asia. 5. Internet — Censorship — Asia. I. Deibert, Ronald. HM851.A253 2011 303.48 ′ 33095 — dc23 2011031273 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Acknowledgments vii Author Biographies ix Foreword xiii Part I: Access Contested: Theory and Analysis 1 1 Access Contested: Toward the Fourth Phase of Cyberspace Controls 3 Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain 2 Contesting Cyberspace and the Coming Crisis of Authority 21 Ronald Deibert and Rafal Rohozinski 3 The Struggle for Digital Freedom of Speech: The Malaysian Sociopolitical Blogosphere ’ s Experience 43 Vee Vian Thien 4 Sexing the Internet: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Body Politic(s) of Malaysia 65 Heike Jensen, Jac sm Kee, Gayathry Venkiteswaran, and Sonia Randhawa 5 Internet Politics in Thailand after the 2006 Coup: Regulation by Code and a Contested Ideological Terrain 83 Pirongrong Ramasoota 6 Competing Values Regarding Internet Use in “ Free ” Philippine Social Institutions 115 Erwin A. Alampay, Joselito C. Olpoc, and Regina M. Hechanova 7 Interconnected Contests: Distributed Denial of Service Attacks and Other Digital Control Measures in Asia 133 Hal Roberts, Ethan Zuckerman, and John Palfrey 8 Control and Resistance: Attacks on Burmese Opposition Media 153 Nart Villeneuve and Masashi Crete-Nishihata vi Contents 9 China and Global Internet Governance: A Tiger by the Tail 177 Milton L. Mueller 10 Corporate Accountability in Networked Asia 195 Rebecca MacKinnon Part II: Country Profi les and Regional Overview 217 Introduction to the Country Profi les 219 Asia Overview 225 Bangladesh 241 Burma 251 China 271 India 299 Indonesia 309 Malaysia 323 Pakistan 339 South Korea 351 Thailand 371 Vietnam 385 Glossary of Technical Terms 399 Index 403 Acknowledgments The OpenNet Initiative would not exist without the vital contributions of dozens of very talented and often courageous researchers from around the world. Jacqueline Larson provided invaluable editorial input for the entire book. The authorship and editing of the country profi les were led by Marianne Lau (Citizen Lab), Adam Senft (Citizen Lab), and Jillian York (Berkman Center). Other written contribu- tions were made by Roxana Farahmand (Pakistan), Lindsey Massar, Guangye He (China), Rebekah Heacock, Yu Ri Jeong (South Korea), Arnav Manchanda (China), Pirongrong Ramasoota (Thailand), James Tay (China), and Vee Vian Thien (Malaysia). Masashi Crete-Nishihata (Citizen Lab), Robert Faris (Berkman Center), James Tay (Citizen Lab), and Jillian York (Berkman Center) help to manage the ONI research enterprise on an ongoing basis. Their professional stewardship keeps the ONI on track. The ONI software development team is led by Clayton Epp (Citizen Lab), Elias Adum (Citizen Lab), and Eran Henig (Citizen Lab). Jonathan Doda (Citizen Lab) acted as the lead technical engineer and analyst for the ONI in 2008 and 2009. Shishir Nagaraja (Cambridge University) did the same in 2007. Jane Gowan (Citizen Lab) designed the cover art for Access Contested and provided additional design input to the ONI project. ONI regional deputies Helmi Noman (Middle East and North Africa) and Stephanie Wang (Asia, 2007– 2009) coordinated fi eld research across their respective regions. The ONI would like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of the Secdev Group in implementing the OpenNet Asia project, together with the resulting contributions that went into this volume from the regional coordinators, Francois Fortier and Al Alegre, the project manager Deirdre Collings, and research assistants Arnav Man- chanda and Antoine Nouvet as well as the entire OpenNet Asia project team. The ONI is grateful to all members of OpenNet Eurasia, in particular the regional coordinator Tattugul Mambetalieva. The ONI is also grateful to the University of Amsterdam Digital Methods Team, especially Professor Richard Rogers, Erik Borra, Esther Welte- vrede, and Anat Ben-David, for participating in the ONI ’ s April 2009 analysis workshop at the Citizen Lab, Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. viii Acknowledgments The ONI is grateful to MIT Press: William Drake, Ernest Wilson III, and Marguerite Avery. The Citizen Lab would like to thank Catherine Antoine and the RFA team, Ramtin Amin, Kristen Batch, Carolina Botero, Larid Brown, Jessica Daggers, Jakub Dalek, Neil Desai, Luis Carlos D í az, Victor Elvino, Sahar Golshan, Robert Guerra, Seth Hardy, Gus Hosein, Andr é s Izquierdo, Vanessa Johan, Dylan Jones, Andrej Karpathy, Elana Koren, Lucinda Li, Daniel Lister, Jamie Liu, Rishi Maharaj, Isaac Mao, Margaret McKone, Miriam McTiernan, David Naylor, Kay Nguyen, Palantir Technologies, Ginger Paque, Wilhelmina Peter, Anna Postelnyak, Psiphon Inc., Xiao Qiang, Juliana Rinc ó n, Ewald Scharfenberg, Anand Sharma, Sunil Shrestha, Janice Stein, Jamie Uhrig, Jeremy Vernon, Nart Villeneuve, Chris Walker, Greg Walton, Sean Willet, Peter Wills, and Greg Wiseman. The Berkman Center for Internet and Society would like to thank Renata Avila, Ellery Biddle, Catherine Bracy, Rafi k Dammak, Zsuzsa Detrekoi, Alexey Dolinskiy, Alex Fayette, Eric Fish, Effi Fuks, Urs Gasser, Cickek Gurkan, Sarah Hamdi, Sanjana Hattotuwa, Eric Johnson, Ismael Kathtan, Mohamed Keita, Colin Maclay, Katitza Rodriguez Pereda, Anas Qtiesh, Daniel Rosenberg, Amin Sabeti, Zinta Saulkalns, Gbenga Sesan, Chris Soghoian, Shiham Thabreez, Firuzeh Shookoh Valle, Seth Young, and Ethan Zuckerman. The Secdev Group would like to thank the Eurasia I-Policy Network, and Psiphon Inc., Emin Akhundov, Asommadin Atoev, Ali Bangi, Alexsei Bebinov, Alexandra Bely- aeva, Vadim Dryganov, Moses Hakobyan, Alexsei Marciouc, Lindsey Massar, Maksat Sabyrov, Nick Shchetko, Zviad Sulaberidze, Nart Villeneuve, and Yury Zisser. The ONI is very grateful for support from the following institutions: The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The International Development Research Centre (Canada), The Canada Centre for Global Security Studies, and the Donner Canada Foundation. Production of this volume was made possible through the generous support of the International Development Research Centre. The ONI would like to especially thank Laurent Elder (IDRC), Phet Sayo (IDRC), and Kathleen Flynn-Dapah (IDRC) for their support and encouragement of OpenNet Asia and this volume. The ONI would like to specially acknowledge numerous researchers and contribu- tors to our research and other activities who have chosen