Optional Affix Hosting in Korean Coordinate Structures Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Presented by Nowossjelow, Georgij at the Faculty of Humanities Department of Linguistics Date of the oral examination: 14th August, 2014 First referee: Professor Dr. Barış Kabak Second referee: Professor Dr. Frans Plank Third referee: Professor Dr. Yeon Jaehoon Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-379418 To the memory of Anna and Irina, who could go much further and do so much more Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................iv Notational conventions .................................................................................................vi Zusammenfassung (abstract in German) ...................................................................xi Abstract .......................................................................................................................xvii Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................1 1.1 Definition of OAH.......................................................................................................1 1.2 Parameters of OAH ....................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Optionality ...................................................................................................2 1.2.2 Affixation .....................................................................................................8 1.2.3 Regularity .....................................................................................................9 1.2.4 Identity .......................................................................................................10 1.2.5 Coordination ..............................................................................................11 1.3 Previous accounts .....................................................................................................18 1.3.1 Suspended affixation in Turkish: morphological account .........................18 1.3.2 ‘Suspended affixation’ in other languages .................................................22 1.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................24 1.5 Objectives and structure of dissertation ....................................................................25 Chapter 2. Optionality in specification of medial verbal affixes .............................27 2.1 Coordination pattern .................................................................................................27 2.2 Affix inventory: co-occurrence, identity, relevance to OAH ....................................30 2.2.1 Prefixes ......................................................................................................32 2.2.2 Voice suffixes .............................................................................................33 2.2.3 Subject honorific suffix -si .........................................................................35 2.2.4 Aspect and tense .........................................................................................37 2.2.4.1 Perfect aspect .................................................................................40 2.2.4.2 Past tense .......................................................................................44 ii 2.2.5 Modality .....................................................................................................47 2.3 Grey area of verbal OAH ..........................................................................................52 2.3.1 Subject honorific suffix -si ........................................................................52 2.3.2 Adnominal (attributive) ending -(u)n .........................................................54 2.3.3 Copula -i ....................................................................................................55 2.4 Conclusions: in search of correlations ......................................................................57 2.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................60 Chapter 3. Optionality in specification of medial nominal affixes ..........................62 3.1 Korean nominal inflection ........................................................................................62 3.1.1 Morphological status: what is relevant for the study .................................62 3.1.2 Overview of items ......................................................................................66 3.1.2.1 Plural marker -tul ...........................................................................67 3.1.2.2 Case-markers .................................................................................68 3.2 Properties of Korean nominal conjoining .................................................................71 3.2.1 Hierarchy of conjuncts ...............................................................................71 3.2.2. Tendency to ‘WITH-strategy’ ...................................................................74 3.3 OAH in nominal &P .................................................................................................77 3.3.1 Plural marker in conjoined structures (PL+CONN) ..................................77 3.3.2 Case particles in conjoined structures (CASE+CONN) ............................78 3.3.2.1 Previous studies .............................................................................78 3.3.2.2 Medial casing: empirical data ........................................................81 3.4 Towards a unified approach ......................................................................................85 3.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................90 Chapter 4. Motivation of overspecification ...............................................................93 4.1 Motivation of marking vs. non-marking: single words ...........................................93 4.2 Overspecification in Korean &Ps .............................................................................99 4.2.1 Overspecification as focalization ...............................................................99 4.2.1.1 Focus strategies: a theoretic background .......................................99 4.2.1.2 Overspecification as contrastive parallel focus ...........................102 iii 4.2.1.3 Overspecification as expanding focus .........................................103 4.2.2 Overspecification as distribution .............................................................105 4.3 Summary .................................................................................................................106 Chapter 5. OAH in a cross-linguistic perspective ...................................................107 5.1 OAH typology ........................................................................................................107 5.2 Conducive syntactic milieu for OAH .....................................................................109 5.3 Directionality of OAH ............................................................................................112 5.4 Summary .................................................................................................................117 Chapter 6. Conclusion ...............................................................................................119 References ....................................................................................................................124 Appendix ......................................................................................................................134 A. Survey description ...................................................................................................135 B. Instructions ...............................................................................................................138 C. Survey results ...........................................................................................................141 D. Medial nominal inflection: constructing a grammaticality hierarchy ......................174 iv Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank the Korea Foundation Fellowship for Graduate Studies (Seoul), a scholarship from which enabled my Ph.D. research and determined my decision to step into this thrilling and suspenseful river: one could not even imagine beginning this dissertation without the stability brought by the financial support generously provided by this organization. I am very grateful to Marion Eggert, professor at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB) and Yang Han-ju, Korean language instructor at the same university, who recommended me to the Korea Foundation. I would like to take the opportunity to express my cordial gratitude to Dorothea Hoppmann and to the whole team of the Korean Department at RUB for all their help: they brought me back to the professional career in Korean studies and showed me how it works here in Germany. My next ‘thank you’ goes to all members of my dissertation committee, in the first instance to Professor Frans Plank (Universität Konstanz), my internal supervisor, who first had enough courage to accept a total