Contents Foreword or Why is Memorix Anatomy revolutionary?.....................................................................................................................................................................................XII Memorix Education System...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XV Acknowledgements to co-workers......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XVI Acknowledgements to student organisations...................................................................................................................................................................................................XVIII Memorix team .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................XX I General anatomy 1 Definitions and history........................................................................................ 2 8 Terms of location and direction of the human body.....................................9 2 Terms and abbreviations..................................................................................... 3 9 Parts of the human body................................................................................. 10 3 Histology................................................................................................................. 4 10 Regions of the human body.............................................................................11 4 Embryology.............................................................................................................5 11 Eponyms...............................................................................................................12 5 Anatomical changes in childhood...................................................................... 6 12 Review questions and figures..........................................................................14 6 Anatomical changes in puberty......................................................................... 7 13 Acknowledgements and references.............................................................. 16 7 Planes and lines of the human body.................................................................8 1 General overview................................................................................................18 5 Bones of the upper limb - Ossa membri superioris..................................42 2 Skull - Cranium.................................................................................................... 21 5.1 Clavicle (collarbone) - Clavicula............................................................. 42 2.1 Frontal bone - Os frenate.......................................................................22 5.2 Scapula (shoulder blade) - Scapula...................................................... 43 2.2 Occipital bone - Os occipitale................................................................ 23 5.3 Humerus - Humerus................................................................................ 44 2.3 Sphenoidal bone (sphenoid) - Os sphenoidale..................................24 5.4 Ulna (elbow bone) - Ulna....................................................................... 45 2.4 Parietal bone - Os parietale....................................................................26 5.5 Radius (radial bone) - Radius.................................................................46 2.5 Temporal bone - Os temporale..............................................................27 5.6 Bones of the hand - Ossa manus...........................................................47 2.6 Ethmoidal bone (ethmoid) - Os ethmoidale...................................... 30 6 Bones of the lower limb - Ossa membri inferioris.................................... 48 2.7 Inferior nasal concha - Concha nasalis inferior..................................30 6.1 Pelvis - Pelvis.............................................................................................49 2.8 Lacrimal bone, nasal bone and vomer 6.1.1 Hip bone (pelvic bone) - Os coxae...........................................50 - Os lacrimale, os nasale et vom er......................................................... 31 6.2 Femur (thigh bone) - Femur...................................................................52 2.9 Zygomatic bone - Os zygomaticum........................................................ 31 6.3 Patella (kneecap) - Patella...................................................................... 53 2.10 Palatine bone - Os palatinum................................................................32 6.4 Tibia (shinbone) - Tibia............................................................................53 2.11 M ax illa -M a x illa ........................................................................................33 6.5 Fibula (calf bone) - Fibula....................................................................... 54 2.12 Mandible - Mandibula..............................................................................34 6.6 Bones of foot - Ossa pedis...................................................................... 54 2.13 Hyoid bone - Os hyoideum.....................................................................35 7 Figures ........................................................................................................... 57 2.14 Skull of a newborn.................................................................................... 35 7.1 Cranial base................................................................................................ 57 2.15 Skull anthropometry................................................................................. 36 8 Tables ............................................................................................................58 3 Vertebral column - Columna vertebralis....................................................... 37 8.1 Openings of the skull and their content...............................................58 3.1 Cervical vertebrae - Vertebrae cervicales............................................ 38 8.2 Structures of the upper lim b..................................................................60 3.2 Thoracic vertebrae - Vertebrae thoracicae..........................................39 8.3 Structures of the lower limb...................................................................62 3.3 Lumbar vertebrae - Vertebrae lumbales..............................................39 9 Review questions and figures......................................................................... 64 3.4 Sacrum and coccyx - Os sacrum et os coccygis..................................40 10 Acknowledgements and references.......................................................... 66 4 Thorax - Thorax.................................................................................................. 41 Joints 1 General overview................................................................................................68 6 Joints of the lower limb - Juncturae membri inferioris.............................82 1.1 General organisation of the synovial jo in t..........................................69 6.1 Sacro-iliac joint - Articulatio sacroiliaca............................................. 82 2 Joints of the skull - Juncturae cranii..............................................................72 6.2 Synarthroses of the pelvic girdle - Synarthroses cinguli pelvici..... 82 3 Vertebral joints - Juncturae columnae vertebralis..................................... 73 6.3 Hip joint - Articulatio coxae.................................................................. 83 3.1 Vertebral synovial joints - Articulationes columnae vertebralis.....74 6.4 Knee jo in t-A rticu la tio genus................................................................ 84 4 Thoracic joints - Juncturae thoracis...............................................................75 6.5 Tibiofibular joint - Articulatio tibiofibularis.........................................86 5 Joints of the upper limb - Juncturae membri superioris...........................76 6.6 Interosseous membrane of the leg and tibiofibular syndesmosis 5.1 Sternoclavicular joint - Articulatio sternoclavicularis........................76 - Membrana interossea cruris et syndesmosis tibiofibularis........... 86 5.2 Acromioclavicular joint - Articulatio acromioclavicularis.................76 6.7 Joints of the foot - Articulationes pedis............................................. 86 5.3 Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint 6.7.1 Arches of the fo o t..........................................................................86 -A rtic u la tio humeri (glenohumeralis)....................................................77 7 Tables...................................................................................................................90 5.4 Elbow joint - Articulatio cubiti................................................................ 78 7.1 Movements of the head, neck 5.5 Distal radio-ulnar joint and radio-ulnar