Wireless Data Technologies Vern A. Dubendorf IEEE, Massachusetts Health Data Consortium (MHDC), Mobile Healthcare Alliance (MOHCA) and The Council of Communications Advisors USA Wireless Data Technologies Wireless Data Technologies Vern A. Dubendorf IEEE, Massachusetts Health Data Consortium (MHDC), Mobile Healthcare Alliance (MOHCA) and The Council of Communications Advisors USA Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dubendorf, Vern A. Wireless data technologies / Vern A. Dubendorf. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-470-84949-5 (alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication systems – handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Data transmission systems – Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. TK5103.2 .D83 2003 621.382 – dc21 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-470-84949-5 Typeset in 11/13pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. In the Beginning, ARPA created the ARPANET. And the ARPANET was without form and void. And darkness was upon the deep. And the spirit of ARPA moved upon the face of the network and ARPA said, ‘Let there be a protocol,’ and there was a protocol. And ARPA saw that it was good. And ARPA said, ‘Let there be more protocols,’ and it was so. And ARPA saw that it was good. And ARPA said, ‘Let there be more networks,’ and it was so. Danny Cohen Contents Dedication .......................................... xv Foreword ........................................... xvii Preface ............................................ xix Acknowledgments ..................................... xxi 1 A History of Wireless Technologies ...................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................... 1 1.2 Where it all began – Marconi ....................... 1 1.3 Packet Data ................................... 4 1.4 Voice Technologies .............................. 6 1.5 Cellular Technologies ............................ 6 2 Understanding Spread Spectrum Technologies .............. 7 2.1 Introduction ................................... 7 2.2 What Spread Spectrum Does ....................... 8 2.3 How Spread Spectrum Works ....................... 9 2.3.1 Frequency Hopping ....................... 9 2.3.2 Direct Sequence .......................... 10 2.4 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum .................. 10 2.5 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum .................... 13 3 Multiple Access Wireless Communications ................. 17 3.1 Introduction ................................... 17 3.2 CDMA Overview ............................... 18 3.3 Introduction to CDMA ........................... 19 3.4 Principles of CDMA ............................. 20 3.5 Common Air Interface ............................ 21 3.6 Forward CDMA Channel .......................... 22 3.7 Frequency Plan ................................ 22 3.8 Transmission Parameters .......................... 22 viii CONTENTS 3.9 Overhead Channels .............................. 23 3.9.1 Pilot Channel ............................ 23 3.9.2 Sync Channel ........................... 23 3.9.3 Paging Channel .......................... 24 3.9.4 Traffic Channel .......................... 24 3.10 Soft Handoff .................................. 24 3.11 Rate ........................................ 25 3.12 Power Control Subchannel ......................... 25 3.13 Timing ...................................... 25 3.14 Reverse CDMA Channel .......................... 25 3.14.1 Frequency Plan .......................... 26 3.14.2 Transmission Parameters .................... 26 3.15 Signal Structure ................................ 26 3.15.1 Channelization ........................... 26 3.15.2 Separation of Users ....................... 26 3.15.3 Orthogonal Modulation ..................... 27 3.15.4 Traffic Channel .......................... 27 3.15.5 Soft Handoff ............................ 27 3.15.6 Rate .................................. 27 3.15.7 Timing ................................ 28 3.16 TDMA ...................................... 28 3.16.1 TDMA Standards ......................... 29 4GSM........................................... 31 4.1 Introduction ................................... 31 4.2 Overview .................................... 32 4.2.1 The Mobile Station (MS) .................... 34 4.2.2 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) ............. 34 4.2.3 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) ............. 34 4.2.4 The Network Subsystem .................... 35 4.2.5 The Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) ..... 36 4.3 Interfaces and Protocols ........................... 36 4.3.1 Protocols .............................. 37 4.3.2 The Air Interface ......................... 38 4.3.3LogicalChannelsontheAirInterface...........40 4.3.4TrafficChannelsontheAirInterface............41 4.3.5SignalingChannelsontheAirInterface..........42 4.3.6BurstFormats...........................44 CONTENTS ix 5 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) for GSM ............. 47 5.1 Introduction ................................... 47 5.2 Always Online ................................. 49 5.3 Differences between GPRS/GSM and cdmaOne ........... 49 5.3.1 GSM ................................. 49 5.3.2 cdmaOne IS-95 .......................... 50 5.3.3 Analysis ............................... 50 6iMode.......................................... 51 6.1 Introduction ................................... 51 6.2 What is iMode? ................................ 51 6.2.1 What does a Typical iMode Screen look like? ...... 52 6.3 Technology ................................... 52 6.3.1 Smart Phone ............................ 52 6.3.2 Transmission System ....................... 53 6.3.3 Markup Language ........................ 53 6.4 Impacts to Information Systems ..................... 53 6.5 Why is iMode so Successful? ....................... 54 6.5.1 Bandwidth for Downloading Data .............. 54 6.6 Security on iMode .............................. 55 6.7 iMode 4G .................................... 55 6.7.1 4G Data Rates in Japan ..................... 56 6.8 Conclusion ................................... 56 7UMTS.......................................... 57 7.1 Introduction ................................... 57 7.2 What is UMTS? ................................ 58 7.3 A Brief History of UMTS ......................... 58 7.4 Spectrum for UMTS ............................. 59 7.5 Phases Towards the Development of UMTS ............. 59 7.6 UMTS/3G Industry .............................. 60 7.6.1 Cost .................................. 60 7.7 3G and UMTS Technology ........................ 60 7.8 3G Network Planning ............................ 61 7.8.1 Prerequisite for a 3G Network Design ........... 61 7.8.2 Operator’s Business Plan .................... 62 7.8.3 UMTS License Agreement ................... 62 7.8.4 Operators Funding Plan ..................... 62 x CONTENTS 7.8.5 Operators Risk Analysis Documents ............. 62 7.8.6 Consultant Reports ........................ 63 7.8.7 Government Statistics ...................... 63 7.8.8 RAN Planning ........................... 66 7.8.9 Core Network Planning ..................... 68 7.8.10 UMTS Security .......................... 69 7.8.11 3G and LAN Data Speeds ................... 70 7.8.12 3G Frequencies .......................... 71 7.9 Owners of the 3G Networks ........................ 72 8 Wireless Data Networks