VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE 70 ISLAMIC STATES IN JAVA 1500-1700 A SUMMARY, BmLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX by THEOOORE G. Th. PIGEAUD and H. J. DE GRAAF mE HAGUE - MARTINUS NIJHOFF 1976 ISLAMIC STATES IN JAVA 1500-1700 VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE 70 ISLAMIC STATES IN JAVA 1500-1700 EIGHT DUTCH BOOKS AND ARTICLES BY DR H. J. DE GRAAF as summarized by THEODORE G. Th. PIGEAUD with a Comprehensive List of Sourees and a General Index of Names composed by H. J. DE GRAAF I.S.B.N. 90.247.1876.7 PREFACE The growing interest in the history of Indonesia has made it desirabie to have an English summary of the principal works of the Dutch historian Dr R. J. de Graaf, who in several books and articles published between 1935 and 1973 has given a description of the development of the Javanese kingdom of Mataram, based both on European and in­ digenous material. Ris works form a substantial contribution to the study of the national history of Indonesia. The Summary contains references to the paragraphs of the Dutch books and articles. This makes it easy for those readers who have a know­ ledge of Dutch to consult the original texts. The List of Sources for the study of Javanese history from 1500 to 1700 is composed of the lists in the summarized hooks and articles, and the Index of N ames refers not only to the present Summary but also to the eight original texts. Many names of persons and localities in the Index have been provided with short explanatory notes and references to other lemmata as a quick way to give some provisional information on Javanese history. The spelling of all Javanese words and names has been modernized in accordance with the rules of orthography of Indonesian languages which have been laid down by Government. (Only the scholarly <;1, t and e have been retained where it seemed convenient to do 50.) Dr M. C. Ricklefs, of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, has taken the trouble to correct the English of the Summary. He may rest assured that his helpfulness is greatly appreciated. TABLE OF CONTENTS page PREFACE v SUMMARY I. The First Islamic States of Java, 15th and 16th centuries Il. The Reign of Sénapati Ingalaga of Mataram, 1575-1601 25 lIl. The Reign of Sultan Agung of Mataram, 1613-1645, and his predecessor Panembahan Séda-ing-Krapyak, 1601-1613 35 IVa. The Reign of Sunan Mangku Rat I, Séda-ing-Tegal Wangi, King of Mataram, 1646-1677, part I, the Dis­ integration of the Realm . 53 IVb. The Reign of Sunan Mangku Rat I, Séda-ing-Tegal Wangi, King of Mataram, 1646-1677, part I1, Insurrec- tion and Downfall. 65 V. The Expedition of Admiral Anthonio Hurdt to the inner parts of Java, September-December 1678. 75 VI. Capture and Death of Radèn Truna Jaya, December 1679- January 1680 81 VII. The Kajoran Question, 1680-1681 . 85 VIII. The Murder of Captain François Tack, February 1686 93 KEY to the Roman serial numbers used in the Comprehensive List of Sources and the Index of Names to indicate Dr. De Graaf's eight hooks and articles and the Summary 105 BIBLIOGRAPHY, Comprehensive List of Sources for the Study of Javanese History from 1500 to 1700. 107 GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES, with Explanatory Notes. 125 I. THE FIRST ISLAMIC STATES OF JAVA 15th AND 16th CENTURIES Summaryof: H. J. de Graaf en Th. G. Th. Pigeaud, De eerste moslimse vorstendommen op Java. Studiën over de staatkundige ge­ schiedenis van de 15de en 16de eeuw. 's-Gravenhage 1974. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Vol. 69. I. THE FIRST ISLAMIC STATES Introduction, 1. Historiography of Java p.7. The political independence from foreign powers, which was won after world-war I1, aroused in 1ndonesia a desire for a national history which should describe past developments from an 1ndonesian point of view and be based chiefly on indigenous material. The history of pre-1slamic Java written by professor Krom of Leiden seemed to come up to the requirements. 1t was accepted as a beginning for the wished-for national history. Books on the 1slamic period written by European authors were found less satisfactory because they were based chiefly on material supplied by foreigners. 1ndigenous sources of in­ formation were neglected by European authors because they were considered unreliable. The existing books on the 1slamic period of Javanese history require reconsideration and supplementing on the following four points. The idea that the decline and fall of the Shiwaitic-Buddhistic dynasty of Majapahit in the first quarter of the 16th century and the coming into power of the 1slamic rulers of Demak meant the end of an old civilization and the beginning of a completely new, 1slamic one must be reconsidered. 1t is far more likely that 1slamization proceeded slowly, and it is certain that numerous elements of pre-1slamic culture survived in the succeeding period. A second matter which requires attent ion is the tendency to over­ emphasize the role of the ruling dynasty of Mataram. Events and developments outside the royal residence and among the common people in the villages are too much neglected in the books on history. A third area of the history of Java which must be supplemented by new studies is the development of local and national economies during the past six or seven centuries. Wh at was written on this subject by European authors was based on information supplied by foreign sea­ farers and traders who were chiefly interested in the production of the goods they bought and sold. The economy of the villages in the interior of the country was beyond their ken. The fourth aspect of J avanese history which is unduly neglected is the development and composition of the population. From prehistorie times to the twentieth century a great number of migrations by Javanese, I. THE FlRST ISLAMIC STATES 3 Sundanese, Madurese and Balinese people from one area of the islands to another must have taken place. Moreover, the fertile and prosperous coastal provinces attracted foreign adventurers and traders who in many cases became settlers. The foreign settlements which contributed most to the development of Javanese culture were in the first place Indian, and then Indo-Chinese. Indian civilization had a lasting influence in the fields of literature and religion in the pre-Islamic period. In accordance with Javanese popular tradition, it can now be stated that Indo-Chinese traders took a great part in the spreading of Islam in East and Central Java. The European colonization, lastly, is responsible for improvements in land and sea communication, economic expansion and public health measures, which allowed a vast increase of the population in tbe past two centuries. Introduction, 2. History of Java in the 15th and 16th centuries p. 11. The knowledge of pre-Islamic history benefited greatly from the energy spent by the archeologists on the remains of Old Javanese tempIes. If in the future as much energy and money are spent on archeological excavations on Islamic sites, knowledge of the history of many places mentioned in the following pages woud vastly increase. There are several points made in the present discussion of the beginning of the Islamic period. Firstly, Islam became dominant in Java by degrees. Islamic middle-class people of mixed blood who were residents of long standing in the North Coast harbour towns, took over control of their districts from the local rulers, who were high~born men and vassals of the Shiwaitic-Buddhistic King of Majapahit. They acknow­ ledged thc King as their liege lord, however, and continued in sccular matters in thc way of their "heathen" predecessors. The next develop­ ment was the attack by a group of Muslim fanatics from Central Java on the royal residence of Majapahit, which lcd to the fall of tbe Shiwaitic-Buddhistic dynasty, probably in 1527. The local ruler of Demak, a man of partly Chinese cxtraction, took advantage of the opportunity to extend his authority over most of the other districts of the realm, and to take the Islarnic title of Sultan. After his death in the middle of the 16th century a period of confusion followed. This ended when the rulers of Mataram, at that time a little­ cultivated district in the interior of the country, took over control in Central Java and extended their authority in East Java as far as Surabaya by conquest. The move of the political and cultural centre of Java from Demak and Surabaya, harbour towns on the North Coast 4 ISLAMIC STATES IN JAVA 1500-1700 with a mixed population, into the interior of the country was of great consequence. In the more than three centuries during which kings of the House of Mataram were able to reign under the protection of Dutch power, a Javanese national feeling had time to develop. The civilization of the Mataram Court, which flourished in the 18th and 19th centuries, was an important factor for cultural unity. At present, it is still a souree of inspiration for the development of a common Indonesian civilization. Introduction, 3. Sources of information on Javanese history of the 16th and 17th centuries p. 14. The sources which are used in the present hook are: (1) the "Relacion" of the Portuguese travelIer Tomé Pires, a contemporary who left Java in 1515. (2) The Javanese books on history called Serat Ka9c,la (Books of Tales) and Babad Mataram (Dynastie History of the House of Mataram) .