18TH CENTURY : SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EVENTS Reformation Counter Reformation Council of Trent Change in thinking process Age of Enlightenment Liberalism Dutch revolution (Nether land – Spain and Spain) First Republic English Civil war Result due to change in thinking process French Revolution Revolution all over Europe to overthrow the monarchy system Industrial revolution EUROPEAN COLONIZATION Philosophies : Inspired with age of enlightenment • In Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, Kant listed several conditions that he thought necessary for ending wars and creating a lasting peace. They included a world of constitutional republics. His classical republican theory was extended in the Science of Right, the first part of the Metaphysics of Morals. • Kant's political thought can be summarized as republican government and international organization. "In more characteristically Kantian terms, it is doctrine of the state based upon the law and of eternal peace. Indeed, in each of these formulations, both terms express the same idea: that of legal constitution or of 'peace through law'. • - Immanuel Kant • “I prefer liberty with danger than peace with slavery.” • Rousseau argues that progress – understood as arts and sciences “throttle in that the sentiment of that original ‘freedom’ for which they seemed born, make them love their slavery and fashion them into what is called civilized peoples.” - Jean-Jacques Rousseau. • “It is dangerous to be right in matters on which the established authorities are wrong.” • - Voltaire French revolution (1789-99) French revolution (1789-99) • French revolution is today seen as a major historic event. The French revolution had a profound effect on the economic, political and social up gradation in France. The revolution transformed the existing monarchical hierarchy of France into a rigid social hierarchy. The revolution significantly altered the French society. • According to political historians, the cause of the French revolution was considered to be the weakness of the monarchy. The economic factors included malnutrition in certain segments of the population, due to the increased prices of consumable goods. The other factors included aspirations for social, political and economic equality. The French revolution started in the year 1789 with the convocation of the Estates-General. • During the French revolution, the feudalistic society was completely abolished. At that time, the social classes were divided into three groups called as estates. The first estate was of clergy, the second estate was of nobility and the third estate consisted of other classes and individuals such as peasants, merchants, lawyers, artisans and industrial workers etc. • The French Revolution, though it seemed a failure in 1799 and appeared nullified by 1815, had far-reaching results. In France the bourgeois and landowning classes emerged as the dominant power. Feudalism was dead; social order and contractual relations were consolidated by the Code Napoléon. The Revolution unified France and enhanced the power of the national state. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars tore down the ancient structure of Europe, hastened the advent of nationalism, and inaugurated the era of modern, total warfare. French revolution (1789-99) Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a king or queen acts as Head of State. The ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament, not with the Monarch. Republic a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch. Inspiration from classics Classicism and Neo classicism in the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic Classicism Greek , roman attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome and Renaissance in antiquity. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of Baroque and 16th to 18th antiquity; Neoclassicism always refers to the Rococo Century on art produced later but inspired by antiquity. Thus the terms Classicism and Neoclassicism Neoclassicism are often used interchangeably. Romanticism Mid 18th to Orientalism and early 19 Revivalism Century on (also called English renaissance) Palladian architecture NEOCLASSICISM • Neoclassicism comprised a return to the classical models, literary styles, and values of ancient Greek and Roman authors , artist and architect. Characteristic • The Classical values: the neoclassicists emphasis upon the classical values of objectivity, impersonality, rationality, decorum, balance, harmony, proportion, and moderation. • neoclassicism in architecture is evocative and picturesque, a recreation of a distant, it is framed within the Romantic sensibility • Intellectually Neoclassicism was symptomatic of a desire to return to the perceived "purity" of the arts of Rome, Greek and renaissance classicism. • The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, latterly competing with Romanticism. In architecture, the style continued throughout the 19th, 20th and up to the 21st century. TAKING AN INTEREST IN THE CLASSICAL Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases. • Grand Tour – Went all over Europe, including Rome and Greece • Enlightenment (Age of Reason) – Use intellectual knowledge to recreate society • Archeology : Excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii Greece and Rome: Ideal Models • Greece and Rome represented: – Liberty – Civic virtue – Morality – Sacrifice – Civilized society • Ideal models during political upheaval Archeology • Johann Joachim Winckelmann was a German archaeologist and art historian born on the 9th of December, 1717, in Stendal, Margraviate of Brandenburg. • Winckelmann is known as the founder of modern archaeology, to some the father of art history as a discipline as well, he was the first to differentiate between Roman, Greek, and Greco-Roman art. He was the first to systematically apply categories of scientific archaeology to art history. • His writings were to influence many different fields such as literature, painting, sculpture and philosophy, most notably by the end of the 18th century, on the rise of the neoclassical movement. • His most important work is Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums (History of Ancient Art), from 1764, which was amongst the first German books to become an European literary classic. He had great influence over such thinkers as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Hölderlin, Friedrich Nietzsche and Oswald Spengler. NEOCLASSICAL ARTIST Raphael Mengs Jacques-Louis David Giovanni paolo pannini NEOCLASSICAL ART PAINTING Inspired by ruins of Pompeii & ideas of Winckelman. Even when showing current events or contemporary portraits, classical allusions. NEOCLASSICAL ART PAINTING GIOVANNI PAOLO PANNINI VEDAUTA IDEATA (Imaginary View) Roman Capriccio The Pantheon and Other Monuments (1735) NEOCLASSICAL ART PAINTING This painting, Parnassus, by Raphael Mengs, is often considered the first Neoclassical painting. Inspired by the writings of Johann Wincklemann’s The History of Ancient Art, the 1st art history book. Wincklemann criticized Rococo as decadent; celebrated ancients for purity of form and crispness of execution. NEOCLASSICAL ART PAINTING JACQUE LOUIS DAVID Death of Socrates Oath of Horatii NEOCLASSICAL ART SCULPTURE • Enlightenment rejected Royal and aristocratic authority • Jefferson, philosophes • In sculpture Neoclassical styles was like this one, contemporary dress, but classical poses • Recovery of ruins of Pompeii led to fashion of all things George Washington, 1788, Greek/Roman. women wore white muslin gowns, Jean-Antoine Houdon people built mini replicas of roman ruins in their gardens STYLE OF NEOCLASSICISM : ARCHITECTS Jacques-Germain Soufflot Mari-joseph-peyre William Kent Robert adam STYLE OF NEOCLASSICISM : ARCHITECTURE • Appealing because it could portray qualities associated with democratic purity or unshakeable authority • Ideas of different political rule all fell within Neoclassicism: – Republic government – Imperial rule • Architecture served as an excellent vehicle for consolidating authority because of its public presence. • High neoclassicism was an international movement. Though neoclassical architecture employs the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture, it tends to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade are more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs are flatter and tend to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. • Its clearly articulated individual features are isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves. • Intellectually Neoclassicism was symptomatic of a desire to return to the perceived "purity" of the arts of Rome, Greek and renaissance classicism STYLE OF NEOCLASSICISM : ARCHITECTURE • Return to the perceived “purity” of the arts of Rome. • Model the “ideal” of the ancient Greek arts and, to a lesser, extent, 16c Renaissance classicism. • Sometimes considered anti- modern or even reactionary. • Symmetrical shape • Tall columns that rise the full height of the building • Triangular pediment • Domed roof 1.HOLKHAM HALL - WILLIAM KENT, LORD