Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 142 38(5 ․ 2nd): 186~193, 2010. 12. An Evaluation on Citizens' Satisfaction with the Outdoor Landscape Lighting in Gyeongju Historic Areas - The Case of Wolseong District - Park, So-Yeong* ․ Heo, Sang-Hyun** *GraduatedSchoolofLandscapeArchitecture,DonggukUniversity **Dept.ofLandscapeArchitecture,DonggukUniversity ABSTRACT ThepurposeofthisstudywastosurveythecitizensfortheirsatisfactionwiththeoutdoorlandscapelightinginGyeongju HistoricAreasregisteredasUNESCOWorldCulturalHeritageinNovember2000andthereupon,provideforsomebasic datausefultothedesignoftheoutdoorlandscapelightingfortheculturalproperties. AsaresultofexaminingtheconditionsoftheoutdoorlandscapelightinginWolseongZoneofAnapji,Banwolseong, DongbuSajeokji,CheomseongdaeandGyerim,therewerefound391lightingfixturesof12typesinAnapji,138lightings of4typesinBanwolseong,38lightingsof6typesinCheomseongdae,28lightingsof3typesinDongbuSajeokjiand 54lightingsof5typesinGyerim. Asaresultofanalyzingcitizens'satisfactionwiththeoutdoorlandscapelighting,itwasfoundthatcitizensweresatisfied moreorlesswiththenightscapeimagechangedbytheoutdoorlandscapelighting;theirsatisfactionscored3.836onaverage forAnapjiona5-pointLikerttypescale,3.516forBanwolseong,3.446forDongbuSajeokji,3.650forCheomseongdae and3.479forGyerim.However,citizens'satisfactionwiththeoriginalityofthenightscapewasgenerallylow:3.055for Anapji,2.914forCheomseongdae,2.877forBanwolseong,2.847forGyerimand2.665forDongbuSajeokji.Ontheother hand,sincemostofthelightingfixtureswereinstalledasinsertedlightsorfloodlights,thecolortonesoflightsource wererelativelyhighlydistinctive,buttheperipheralspacesaroundtheculturalpropertieswereratherdark,whichmeans thatcitizenswerefeelinginconvenientmoreorlessforusingtheamenitiessuchasbenchorwastebox.Allinall,their satisfactionwiththeoutdoorlandscapeatthesamplezoneatnightscored2.981,lowerthanthenormallevel. KeyWords:WorldCulturalHeritage,CulturalProperty,Lightings,Nightscape Ⅰ.Introduction stalledinthehistoricareasofGyeongju,thecapitalofthe millenium kingdom Shilla,andthus,thecitizensviewingthe Lately,people'slifestylesandneedshavebeenchanging historicculturalassetsatnightareincreasing,whichsuggests owingto‘5-dayworkweek'andotherchangedlivingcon- thatthenightscapeisanimportantfactoraffectingtheaes- ditionsfavorabletoworkers.Ontheotherhand,peopledesire theticandenvironmentalqualityofthehistoricareas. moretohavenotonlytheireconomicneedsbutalsotheir Allinall,theoutdoorlandscapelightingisveryimportant mentalandculturalneedsfulfilled.Hence,activitiesatnight forthenightscapeofthehistoricareaslocatedwithinan havebeenasmuchimportantasthoseduringtheday-time. urbanenvironment.Theoutdoorlandscapelightingdecorates Recently,theoutdoorlandscapelightingfacilitieswerein- andbeautifiesthecityaswellasmakesthecitysaferand Corresponding author: Sang-Hyun Heo, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Korea, Tel.: +82-54-770-2234, E-mail: [email protected] 186 Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Vol. 38, No. 5 ․ 2nd An Evaluation on Citizens' Satisfaction with the Outdoor… Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 142 moreelegant.People'simpressionwiththetime-honoredhis- etal.,(2005)analyzedcitizens'perceptionofthestreetland- toricculturalpropertiesatnightmaywellbeaffectedmuch scapelightingforahistoricalareaandassessedtheirsat- bytheoutdoorlandscapelightingregardlessoftheirviewing isfactionwiththelightingandthereupon,identifiedthevaria- distance,from nearorafar.Inaddition,theoutdoorlandscape blesandfactorsaffectingcitizens'perceptionofthestreet lightingmaywellservetohighlightthetraditionalviewsof landscapelightingandthereby,suggestedsomereform meas- ethics,morality,humanityorpurism (Jietal.,2000). urestoimprovetheoutdoorlandscapelighting.Shin(2006) Asitis,theoutdoorlandscapelightingforthecultural analyzedpeople'spsychologicalpreferencesoforcognitivere- propertiesisintendedtohighlighttheircharacteristicsand sponsestotheoutdoorlandscapelighting forthecultural originalityandthereby,playaroleofthelandmarksignifying propertiesandtherewith,identifiedthefactorsaffectingpeo- theidentityofahistoriccity.Inaddition,theoutdoorland- ple'spsychologicalpreferencesaswellasthe vocabulary scapelightingfortheculturalpropertiesmaywellbeagood thereof,andthen,determinedthecorrelationsbetweenprefer- tourism resourcesymbolizingthehistoricityandculturalityof encesandcognitivevariablestosuggestthefactorsaffecting people'sperception oftheoutdoorlandscapelighting.Lee thecityasithassomeartisticandculturalvaluestoexpress (2006)reviewedtheoutdoorlandscapelightingforthecul- texture,decorationandcolortoneoftheculturalproperties turalpropertiesfrom theperspectiveofthecityplanning.The aesthetically(Shin,2006).Hence,theoutdoorlandscapelight- researcherexaminedtheplansoftheexistinglinearoutdoor ingneedstobedesignedtohighlighttheculturalproperties, landscapelightingfortheculturalpropertiesandthen,sam- notdistortingthem atnight(Lee,2010). pled Sejongro-Namdaemun Streetto analyze the outdoor Withsuchbasicconceptionsinmind,thisstudywasaimed landscapelightingconditionsofthestreetandthereby,sug- atsurveyingthecitizensfortheirsatisfactionwiththeout- gestedthesolutionstotheproblemsidentified.Thepreceding doorlandscapelightinginthehistoricareasandthereby,pro- studiesassessedtheoutdoorlandscapelightingforthehistoric vidingforsomebasicdatausefultothedesignoftheoutdoor areasorsomemajorurbanstreetsandthereby,suggested landscapelightingfortheculturalproperties. somesolutionstoimprovethelighting,butfew preceding studiesfocusedontheeffectsofeachcomponentoftheout- Ⅱ.TheoreticalResearch doorlandscapelightingoncitizens'psychologicalsatisfaction. Thus,thisstudyaimedtoexaminethehistoricalcharacter- Lee(1999)assessedtheopticaleffectsoftheoutdoor isticsofGyeongjuHistoricAreaandcitizens'usesofit,and landscapelightingbyitscomponent.Specifically,the then,surveyedtheconditionsoftheoutdoorlandscapelight- researchersurveyedandanalyzedthelocalityofthecultural ingthroughafieldsurvey,andthereupon,analyzedthecon- propertieswithinthecityandtheiruniquesymbolicityand ditionsofthelightingandcitizens'satisfactionwithit. reputationandthereby,suggestedthewaystoimprovethe reputationofBosingakPavilioninthedowntownofSeoul. Ⅲ.Method Ahn(2000)surveyedandanalyzedtheconditionsofthe outdoorlandscapelightingforNamdaemunandDong- 1.ResearchMethodand Scope daemunrepresentingKorea'shistoricbuildings.Theresear- cherusedfieldsurvey,physicalquantityanalysisandpsy- 1)OverView theSampleZone chologicalquantityanalysisofluminance.Kim andKim GyeongjuHistoricAreaswereregisteredasUNESCOWorld (2004)surveyedtheoutdoorlandscapelightingforSuwon CulturalHeritageinNovember2000.Thehistoricremains Hwaseongfocusingonluminance,colortemperatureand fromShillaKingdomaredispersedthroughoutthecityGyeong- chromaticity,etc.,andthereupon,suggestedthesolutionsto ju.Thehistoricareasaredividedintofivezonesaccordingto theproblemsidentified.Lee(2004)examinedtheforeign theirhistoricnature:NamsanZoneasthecenterofShilla casesoftheoutdoorlandscapelightingandresearchedinto Buddhism art,WolseongZoneasthesiteofthemillenium components,sourcesandfixturesoftheoutdoorlandscape kingdom palace,DaerungwonZoneastheroyalfamily(king, lighting,andthereupon,suggestedamodeldesignofthe queenandaristocrats)tombsite,HwangryongsaTempleZone outdoorlandscapelightingforJeonnamg wan.Lee asthecenterofShillaBuddhism,andSanseongZoneasthe Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Vol. 38, No. 5 ․ 2nd 187 Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 142 Park, So-Yeong ․ Heo, Sang-Hyun know,'2pointsfor‘Idon'tthinkso'and1pointfor‘Ican neveragree.' (3)QuestionnaireSurvey A preliminaryquestionnairesurveywasconductedforthe periodfrom April26through30,2010todesignthemainsur- vey,andthereupon,thequestionnairewasmodifiedandcom- plementedforthemainsurveywhichwouldbeconductedfor 4weeksfrom May8toJune6,2010.Thecitizenswhowere visitingthesamplezoneatnight(from 6pm to11pm)were sampledrandomlytorespondtothequestionnaire.284citi- Figure1.Locationsofthesampleculturalproperties zensoutof300onesreturnedthequestionnaireansweredto Data:http://www.google.com/earth/index.html theresearchers.A totalof271responsesexcluding13ones deemedincompletewereusedforthefinalanalysis. siteofacoredefensefortressofthekingdom. Sinceitaimedtoexaminecitizens'satisfactionwiththe 3)MethodofAnalysis historicareasilluminatedbytheoutdoorlandscapelighting, ThedatacollectedwereencodedusingtheMSExcel2007 thisstudysampledWolseongZoneequippedwiththeoutdoor (MicrosoftCorporation,2007)versionandthen,wereproc- landscapelighting.Thiszoneorthesiteofthemillenium kingdom placeconsistsof5sub-zones:Anapji(HistoricSite essedstatisticallyusingtheWINSPSS15.0(SPSSInc,2008) #18),Banwolseong,DongbuSajeokji,Cheomseongdae(Na- program forthefrequencyanalysisinordertoidentifyre- tionalTreasure#31)andGyerim (HistoricSite#19).(Refer spondents'usesofthesamplezoneaswellastheirdemo- toFigure1) graphicvariables. 2)MethodofSurvey Ⅳ.ResultsandDiscussions (1)FieldSurvey 1.ConditionsoftheOutdoorLandscapeLighting Inordertocheckthelocationsandnumberoftheoutdoor landscapelightingfixturesinthesamplezone,theresearchers 1)GeneralConditionsoftheOutdoorLandscapeLighting visitedtheDepartmentofCulturalAssetsofGyeongjuCity intheSampleZone HallonApril9,2010andcollectedsomebasicdata,and Anapjiwasilluminatedatnightby12typesoflightingin thereupon,conductedafieldsurveyandaquestionnairesur- total,andthelightingfocusedonbuildingsite,promenade, veyinparallelfrom April11throughJune6,2010. parkinglot,Dancheong(pavilion),pinetrees,embankment