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This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. THE U.S. COMBAT AND TACTICAL WHEELED VEHICLE FLEETS ISSUES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR CONGRESS TERRENCE K. KELLY • JOHN E. PETERS ERIC LANDREE • LOUIS R. MOORE RANDALL STEEB • AARON MARTIN Prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense Approved for public release; distribution unlimited NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTE The research described in this report was prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). The research was conducted within the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by OSD, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community under Contract W74V8H- 06-C-0002. Library of Congress Control Number: 2011921602 ISBN: 978-0-8330-5173-8 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. Cover design by Pete Soriano © Copyright 2011 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/ permissions.html). Published 2011 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface This monograph considers the challenges confronting the military ser- vices, principally the U.S. Army and the U.S. Marine Corps, in field- ing the ground combat vehicle fleet and armored tactical wheeled vehi- cle fleet of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). In Section 222 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (Pub. L. 111-84), Congress mandated the study that produced this monograph, specifying that the study would provide the following: (A) A detailed discussion of the requirements and capability needs identified or proposed for current and prospective combat vehicles and armored tactical wheeled vehicles. (B) An identification of capability gaps for combat vehicles and armored tactical wheeled vehicles based on lessons learned from recent conflicts and an assessment of emerging threats. (C) An identification of the critical technology elements or inte- gration risks associated with particular categories of combat vehi- cles and armored tactical wheeled vehicles, and with particular missions of such vehicles. (D) Recommendations with respect to actions that could be taken to develop and deploy, during the ten-year period begin- ning on the date of the submittal of the report, critical technology capabilities to address the capability gaps identified pursuant to subparagraph (B), including an identification of high-priority sci- ence and technology, research and engineering, and prototyping opportunities. iii iv The U.S. Combat and Tactical Wheeled Vehicle Fleets This line of inquiry is consistent with the sentiment expressed in the February 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review, which observed, Another pressing institutional challenge facing the Department is acquisitions—broadly speaking, how we acquire goods and ser- vices and manage the taxpayers’ money. Today, the Department’s obligation to defend and advance America’s national interests by, in part, exercising prudent financial stewardship continues to be encumbered by a small set of expensive weapons with unrealis- tic requirements, cost and schedule overruns, and unacceptable performance.1 This monograph is a response to a congressional request. How- ever, it will also be of interest to U.S. military personnel involved in the acquisition and management of vehicles and their attendant systems, as well as to contractors and manufacturers that furnish the systems and technologies discussed here. This research was sponsored by the Director, Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E), Office of the Secretary of Defense, and conducted within the Acquisition and Technology Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secre- tary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. For more information on the RAND Acquisition and Technol- ogy Policy Center, see http://www.rand.org/nsrd/about/atp.html or contact the director (contact information is provided on the web page). 1 U.S. Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review Report, Washington, D.C., February 2010, pp. 75–76. Contents Preface . ............................................................................ iii Figures . ............................................................................ ix Tables . ............................................................................. xi Summary . ........................................................................xiii Acknowledgments . ............................................................xxix Abbreviations . ................................................................. xxxi ChAPTer One The Challenges of Providing Appropriate Military Vehicles . ............ 1 Causes for Concern . ............................................................... 2 Signs of Progress . ................................................................... 4 Congressional Concerns . .......................................................... 7 Research Methodology . ........................................................... 8 Example Vehicles . ................................................................ 9 Literature Review . ............................................................... 9 Site Visits . ........................................................................10 The Project Workshop . .........................................................11 Organization of This Monograph . ..............................................11 ChAPTer TwO Operational and Program requirements . ..................................13 Requirements . .....................................................................13 Successful Systems . ...............................................................19 Efforts to Mitigate Risk . .........................................................21 Requirements Refinement . ....................................................21 Technology Risk Mitigation Efforts . ........................................ 24 v vi The U.S. Combat and Tactical Wheeled Vehicle Fleets Business Risk Management . .................................................. 27 Observations Concerning Operational and Program Requirements . ......29 ChAPTer Three Vehicle requirements and Gaps . .............................................31 Introduction . ......................................................................31 Getting from Capabilities to Requirements....................................31 Ground Combat Vehicle . ........................................................33 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle . .....................................................37 Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle . ............................................... 40 Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement . ........................................45 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck . ....................................47