© May 2020 | IJIRT | Volume 6 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002 3D Printing in Oral Dosage Form Shankar R.Randale1, Nandkishor B. Bavage3, Vidyasagar Gali4, Shyamlila B. Bavage5 1B.Pharmacy Final Year Student, Latur College of Pharmacy Hasegaon, Tq. Ausa, Dist. Latur-413512, Maharashtra, India 3,4Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Latur College of Pharmacy Hasegaon, Tq. Ausa, Dist. Latur- 413512, Maharashtra, India 5Department of Pharmacognosy, Latur College of Pharmacy, Hasegaon, Tq. Ausa, Dist. Latur-413512, Maharashtra, India Abstract- The 3D printing process builds a three- objects from a computerized or digital (ordinal) files. dimensional object from a computer-aided design The process of spraying or the laying down of (CAD) model, usually by successively adding material additives continues unless successive layers create an layer by layer, which is why it is also called additive object. The thinly sliced horizontal cross-sections of manufacturing. The term "3D printing" covers a the eventual object have been seen in every layer. variety of processes in which material is joined or solidified under computer control to create a three- Nowadays, Three-Dimensional Printing is one of dimensional object, with material being added together the fastest developing branches of technology, (such as liquid molecules or powder grains being fused art and science, and still broadens the together), typically layer by layer. In the 1990s, 3D- applications. printing techniques were considered suitable only for ISO defined 3D technology as: fabrication of the production of functional or aesthetic prototypes and objects through the deposition of a material a more appropriate term for it was rapid prototyping. using a print head, nozzle, or another printer As of 2019, the precision, repeatability, and material technology. In this technique 3D model are used range have increased to the point that some 3D-printing processes are considered viable as an industrial- for preparing the parts in the process of joining production technology, whereby the term additive materials layer by layer. manufacturing can be used synonymously with "3D printing". One of the key advantages of 3D printing is Terminology related to 3D printing the ability to produce very complex shapes or Drug product geometries; including hollow parts or parts with A drug product means a finished dosage form; internal truss structures to reduce weight, and a capsule, tablet, solution, emulsion, suspension, etc. prerequisite for producing any 3D printed part is a containing active pharmaceutical ingredients. 3D digital 3D model or a CAD file. The most-commonly printing can fabricate other regulated used 3D-printing process (46% as of 2018) is a material extrusion technique called fused deposition modeling products materials, which have well-defined quality (FDM).[4] While FDM technology was invented after purpose and regulation the other two most popular technologies, stereo lithography (SLA) and selective laser sintering (SLS), HISTORY FDM is typically the most inexpensive of the three by a large margin, which lends to the popularity of the Additive manufacturing fabricating methods of process. 3D plastic model with photo hardening polymer were invented by Hideo Kodama of Nagoya Index terms- history, princle, objectives, application Municipal industrial Research Institute, here the INTRODUCTION UV exposure area is controlled by scanning fiber transmitter or mask pattern. Definition: 3D printing means the process which In 1984, Check Hull of 3D systems corporation involves the formation of three-dimensional solid developed a prototype systems based on a IJIRT 149478 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 501 © May 2020 | IJIRT | Volume 6 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002 process as a systems based on a process known 2. Reduces cost of production due to lesser material as Stereo lithography. wastage. The Umbrella term additive manufacturing 3. Narrow therapeutic window. gained wider currency in the decade of the 4. Medication can be tailored to a patient in 2000s. particular based on genetic variations, ethnic The first 3D printing technique used in differences, age, gender and environment. pharmaceutics was achieved by inkjet printing a 5. High drug loading ability when compared to binder solution onto a powder bed, binding conventional dosage forms. therefore the particles together thanks to the semi-liquid binding solution. Disadvantages7:- The process was continuously repeated until the 1. The 3D printing technology is currently limited final desired structure was obtained. This first by size limitations. Very large objects are still happened in the early 90’s at the MIT not possible when built using 3D printers. (Massachuset Institute Technology). 2. As with all new technologies, manufacturing FDA approved Spritam as the first 3D printed jobs will decrease. This disadvantage can have a drug and in summers of 2016 Aprecia large impact to the economies of third world Pharmaceuticals released it in the market. Inkjet countries especially China, that depend on a printing now a day has become the most used large number of low skill jobs. method for 3D printing. 3. Human errors (placing wrong spool of the base material in printer) Principle 4. Final product should undergo validation The principle involved in 3D is ―additive processes.‖ 5. How 3D Printers Works8-12? In additive process an object is produced by establishing successive layers of material. It deposits It starts with making a virtual design of the object we a binder material onto a powder bed within inkjet want to create. This bears a computer-aided design printer heads layer by layer. It enables to produce (CAD) file, which creates 3D modeling application, complex shapes using less material than traditional 3D scanner which can make a 3D scanner which can manufacturing methods. It is an agile tooling used to make a 3D digital copy of an object. American describe the process to design and fabricate the AM Society for Testing and Materials developed of 3D printing methods to enable responses abruptly. standards that classify the AM process into seven Why Should We Focus on This? categories. a. Save amount of money in the prototyping Vat photopolymerization process of several companies Material jetting b. Cost refers to only in hundreds and changes can Binder jetting be made instantly on computer Material extrusion c. Waiting tends to be only hours/days but not Powder bed fusion years/months in case of prototype Sheet lamination d. Easy availability of personally customized Directed energy deposition products e. Useful in drug testing purposes which Vat polymerization revolutionize pharmaceutical R&D Commonly used technology is stereo lithography f. Synthetic models lower the risk of trial failure (SLA). g. Revolutionary method saves time and cost by SLA is used for created models, prototypes, eliminating outcast designs. patterns, and production parts using photochemical process by which light causes Advantages7: chemical monomers to link together to form 1. Accurate and precise dosing of potent drugs polymers. which are administered at small doses. IJIRT 149478 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 502 © May 2020 | IJIRT | Volume 6 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002 This technology employs a vat of liquid The powder is spread in build chamber and a ultraviolet (UV) curable photopolymer resin and binder is applied through nozzles that glue the an UV laser to build the layers on object. powder particles in the shape of a programmed 3D object. Fig 1: Vat polymerization Fig 2: Binder jetting Material jetting This process resembles to inkjet paper printer it Powder bed fusion is the only AM technology that can combine Commonly used technology is SLS. different print materials with in the same 3D This technology uses a high power laser to fuse printed model in the same print job. small particles. The laser selectively fuses the Completely processed models can be covered powdered material by scanning the layers and used instantly without additional post generated by programmed 3D object on the processing. power bed. The SLS process uses an infrared laser beam to Material applied in the form of droplets through selectively scan powder material slightly above small diameter nozzle and layer by layer, which its normal temperature. hardened by UV light After scanning, it maintains the thickness and then deposition of new layer of material is Material extrusion applied on top and then the process is repeated Commonly used technology is fused deposition until the object is completed. modeling material applied using a filament or This is an advantageous technology over SLS and SLA because, no need of any support wire estruses to nozzle, which turns the flow on structure. and off and gets heated and melts the material and moves horizontally and vertically by Sheet lamination computer-aided manufacturing. It is used to produce colored objects in high The melted material forms as layer and hardens detailed resolution. immediately and results 3D object. In the case of The precision of the results depends mostly on complex shape, support material is also extruded the thickness of the layered materials used. It involves material in sheets which can be a The sacrificial material is later removed by hot polymer which bound together with external. water, water jet, or a solvent. Mainly used filaments are acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and Directed energy deposition polylactic acid