REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND URBANIZATION GENERAL DIRECTORATE FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL ASSETS NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS OF THE WETLAND AND BIRD PARADISE IN THE KIZILIRMAK DELTA IN SAMSUN 2019-2023 MANAGEMENT PLAN ANKARA INDEX INDEX ................................................................................................................................................... i INDEX OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................... iii INDEX OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................iv INDEX OF PHOTOGRAPHS .............................................................................................................. v 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.1. GROUNDS OF THE PROJECT .............................................................................................. 2 1.2. PROJECT SITE ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT .............................................................................................. 4 1.4. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................... 4 2. DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA ............................................................................................... 7 2.1.1. LOCATION, DEFINITION, AND BORDERS OF THE AREA ...................................... 7 2.1.2. OWNERSHIP STATUS ................................................................................................ 9 2.1.3. MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE ..................................................................................11 2.2 NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA .........................................................................14 2.2.1. PHYSICAL DATA ......................................................................................................14 2.2.1.1. GEOLOGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS .................14 2.2.1.2 SOIL TYPES ..................................................................................................15 2.2.1.3. METEOROLOGICAL AND CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS .....................15 2.2.1.4. HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ......18 2.2.2. BIOLOGICAL-ECOLOGICAL DATA .........................................................................21 2.2.2.1. FLORA ..........................................................................................................21 2.2.2.2. FAUNA ..........................................................................................................24 2.2.2.3. ECOLOGICAL DATA ...................................................................................31 2.2.3. WATER QUALITY ......................................................................................................37 2.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE ...........................................................38 2.4 NATURAL AND CULTURAL DATA .....................................................................................40 2.4.1 TRADITIONAL MEANS OF USE ................................................................................40 2.4.2. CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS .....................41 2.4.3. MARINE SITES ..........................................................................................................42 2.4.4. LANDSCAPE VALUES ..............................................................................................44 2.4.5. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS .................................45 2.5 USAGE OF NATURAL SOURCES .......................................................................................46 2.5.1. PURPOSE OF USING AND QUANTITY OF WATER ...............................................46 2.5.2. FISHERY ....................................................................................................................48 2.5.3. AGRICULTURE AND STOCKBREEDING ................................................................49 2.5.4. TOURISM ...................................................................................................................51 2.5.5. HUNTING ...................................................................................................................52 2.5.6. GRAZING ...................................................................................................................55 2.5.7. OTHER USES OF LANDS .........................................................................................56 3. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS AND MEETINGS ...........................................................................57 3.1. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS ................................................................................................57 4. EVALUATION OF THE DATA ......................................................................................................66 4.1 ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION ...............................................................................................66 4.1.1 EVALUATIONS ABOUT THE FLORA AND FAUNA .................................................66 4.1.2 EVALUATIONS ABOUT THE QUALITATIVE............................................................70 4.2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION .....................................................................................71 4.3 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EVALUATION ..................................................................72 i 4.4 CULTURAL EVALUATION ...................................................................................................74 5. ZONING AND LAND USE DECISIONS .......................................................................................75 5.1. PROTECTED AREAS AND PLAN DECISIONS ..................................................................75 FIRST 5-YEAR IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD .................................................................................83 A. SUB-PLANS AND PLAN DECISIONS ........................................................................................82 A.1. WATER MANAGEMENT .....................................................................................................82 A.2 VISITOR MANAGEMENT .....................................................................................................83 A.3. GRAZING MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................86 A.4. AQUACULTURE MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................86 B. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES ......................................................................88 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................142 ii INDEX OF TABLES Table 2.1 The essential institutions and organizations responsible for the management of the Kızılırmak Delta and related with the area ..............................................................................13 Table 2.2 Richness of zooplankton species in the lakes in the Kızılırmak Delta ......................24 Table 2.3 EUNIS Habitat Types in the Natural Protected Areas of The Kızılırmak Delta..........32 Table 2.4 Fish breeding facilities with their capacities set in the Derbent Dam Reservoir located in the upper basin of the Kızılırmak Delta and that feeds the delta with discharged water in the delta .............................................................................................................................48 Table 2.5 Limited Aquaculture Fishery Cooperatives that are engaged in trade purpose fishing in the ponds in the Kızılırmak Delta and in the Derbent Dam Reservoir, number of members, location of operations. Yörükler are registered in the Ondokuzmayıs district, and others are registered in the Bafra district .....................................................................................48 Table 2.6 Fishery production data across Samsun province for the year 2016 (ton) ..............49 Table 2.7 Sizes of Agricultural Production Areas ........................................................................50 Table 2.8 Greenhouse areas in Alaçam, Bafra, and Ondokuzmayıs districts ...........................50 Table 2.9 Annual number of bovine animals and animal production in Alaçam, Bafra, and Ondokuzmayıs districts ..................................................................................................................51 Table 2.10 Variation of the number of water buffaloes in the delta between years 1990–201755 Table 3.1 The socio-economical status set according to the interviews made with the village headmen ...........................................................................................................................................58 Table 4.1 Priority Plant Species for Protection in the Kızılırmak Delta......................................67 Table 4.2 Priority Bird Species for Protection in the Kızılırmak Delta .......................................67 Table 4.3 Priority Reptilian Species for Protection in the Kızılırmak Delta ...............................68