Working Papers in Linguistics No. 33 FINNISH PARTICLE CLITICS AND GENERAL CLITIC THEORY Joel A. Nevis October 1986 The Ohio State University DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS The Ohie> Ste.ta Urii-v-er-sity We>r-k:irig Pe.per-a iri Lirig'-1istics # 33 Joel Ashmore Nevis Finnish Particle Clitics and General Clitic Theory The Ohio State University Department of Linauietics 204 Cuna Ball 1841 Millikin Road Columbus, Ohio 4,3210-1229 U.S. A, October 1986 Information about Ohio State.University WORKING· PA'PERS IN LINGUISTICS (OSU WPL) Working Papers in Linguistics is an occasional publication of the Depar taent of Lfoguistics of Oh-io State University a:nd usually con-tains articles written by students and fat"ulty in the departm.ent. There are one to three issues -per year. Infor1ation about availahle issues appears below. Nos. 1, 5, & 10 are out of print and no longer available. 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Parts of 116, Dece•ber 1973, 119 pp. ED FINNISH PARTICLE CLITICS AND GENERAL CLITIC THEORY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillaent of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Phil_osophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Joel Ashmore Nevis, B.A.., M.A.. * * * * * The Ohio State Univeniity 1985 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Arnold M. Zwicky Ilse Lehiste ~(t#-67 Brian Joseph Department of Linguistics .. li ACKNO~.LEDGMENTS. I am enormousiy ,indebted to my .advisor" Ar~old, Zwicky. for , ,,r· service'aDove and beyond the cai1· of· duty. Ariiold w~ extremely encouraging throughout the writing 9f this.dissertation, and·indee~ during _my entire tenure at OSU. I J1ave.,benefi_1;ed from,elf_tensiye .. interaction with Arnold as-his-student, _his-advisee, and his f.r.iend for over si,_c years. · · All -~f my committee members Arnold Zwicky> Ilse Lehiste, and Brian .Joseph - have been instrumental1in s11aping:mY career as a linguist: They have guided both my M.A. ·thesis and uow my Ph.D. dissertation.. I thank Ilse Lehiste for promoting Bal.tic Finnie as a subject of study early in my career and fgrC<>Jll!llentirig astutely on my·work all along. I am also grateful to Brian Joseph for his ·critical scrutiny of''the preseut work and 'for ~dvice ·during my gra4uate studies in ~eneral. · · I ·thank the Americar;-Scandinavian F~undatio~ fi>r end~ing.. the Finnish Fund Fellowship for the year 1983-84 academic year~ as well as· the U.S. Educational Foundatiou in Finland for providing· ' Fuloright Travel Funds. During that fear:at the University of· . Helsinki, I collected a great deal of data on the partii:le ~litict.i: Professor Auli Hakulinen was kind enough to discuss my early ideas and refer me to additional references.. She, put ·me· oi1'to the , .. parallels between -Mn and sitli (and the· other epistemic 'adverbs). I have benefitted also from iuteractiomf"with Professor Fred .Karlsson, Profess<;>r Raij~ Bartens, an_d lecturer Maria Vilkwia, all at; the University of Hel.siµki. Pertti Pyhtila, also at the . University of Helsinki, hereby receives acknowledgement and fond appreci'ation for his contributions - send,ing inacces;,'ible. .. materials, acting as informant, and providing mo~al _·support. Occasionally I have querried other Finns on their language; thanks go especially to the 'leikko Kettunen family for their patience in this matter and to Riitta Valimaa-BlUlll at osu·, who took time to discuss the Finnish data with me (and to proofread part.:of · the mar1uscript). Her native :.~peaker intuition was of great utility, and her judgments on many sentences helped ward off a number of errors. ii Several other mea,ers of the OSU Linguistics Department of Linguistics have contribtt.ted to the present work. Alllong the111 I . -single out Rich Janda and J1111e Smirniotopoulos. At each stage of resear~hing and writing this dissertation I found my work to be facilitateo.by the presence and advice of the departmental secretary, Marlene Payha. Marlene helped me wade· through administrative paperwork; ahe instructed me in the use of the Weng word processor; and she saved ~ea great deal of wasted effort by assisting me through several Wang "dysfunctions". Thanks go also to the person that put o and ii on the Wang (Epson LQ 1500) - you simplified my life by two umlauts and a slew of back spacing. Finaily, no dissertation could ever be completed without the emotional (and sometimes financial) support of one's loved ones. My parents, Arnold and Newlin Nevis, provided this plus a whole lot more. They both have always demanded high academic achievement and have acted as role-models in that regard, too. My good friend Jeff Prine put in overtime in the moral support department. I only wish it could have been done without all those long-distance phone bills. My interest i11 Finnish clitics arose already in my 1981 master's thesis (Object Case Marking in Finnish), where, besides exploring one aspect of Finnish syntax, I observed in a footnote that the possessive suffixes are really clitics.