DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU' OF EDUCATION BULLETIN, 1920, No. 26 REORGANIZATION OF SCIENCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS A ,REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ON THE REORGANIZATION OF SECOND- ARY EDUCATION, APPOINTED BY THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION LIBRARY OF DIE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920 ,fr MEMBERS OF THE SCIENCE COMMITTEE. 1.;.:ttt),Per4 S., HighSchool, Medford, Mass.( Physics.) Itriggs,'Thomas H., Teachers Cole, New York, N. Y.(Superrisory.) ('aldwell, Otis W., Teachers College, New York, N. Y. (Ch. Superrimm.y.) Carpenter, C. D., School of Practical Arts, Teachers College, New York, N. (' hentixtry.) (11/iiitCr,John G..Chicag11N1.--(ltioiutly.) 4'twait, G. A., West Roxbury Schol, Boston, Mass.--(Phyxics.) Dysall. M., Schenley High Sclniol, Pittsloorgh, Phi/81es.) Eason, Thomas., State Department of Education, Richmond. Va.- --(llifilogir. Eddy, Walter 11.. Teachers College, New York, N. 1'.---1/tiotoqll. Vender, tharltbs.W., Lowell High School, San Francisco, Vie!d, William L. W., Milton Academy, Milton, Mitss. --( Bio/ogy.) Ilaey, IA II., State Normal School, Kalamazoo, Mih.----( 8 iology.) Heald, F. E...gikultural College, Amherst. Mass.----((,eneal Science.) Ifedrick. \V. .1.. McKinley High School, 11'asloington, 1). C.( Physics.) inggenbotham, Mullein., 1114h School, Houston, Tex.--(Genera/ Science.) Iliggifis. I.. D., State Normal Sch(ol, Danbury. Conn.(( ;enera/ Seicncr.) ihde, Louis G., High School, PittshugIn Pa. ((,eneral Science.) Jenks, L. E., University of )tuffalooltuffalo, N. Y.(Chemistry.) Kerr, Tlepry, High School, Fresno, Calif.----( (,enera/ Science.) Statehigh.schoorstiperviso, Ito.:torr, Mass.(Superi8ory.) Klid, ill:tries A., I'nlvrsity (if California, Berkeley, Callf.(itioiopp.) Iann, C.It.,Educatlonal Divishin,C.S.11'arI)tq Washington, I ). C. ( General Scienee.) ILorr, \Minn International Committee of Young Men's Christian As,oittions, New York. N. Y.---(ttpurrisory.) >sorne, It. W.. Francis Parker ScinH)l, Chic:IL:Is, -(Ch. ('hemistry.) parkard, .1. High sch41, Brookline, Ma-4s.(Phymies..) Palmer, I. 0., principal, Technic:0 High School, Mass.(Ph ys:r..) Parker. `Ge4rge II., Harvard I7niversity, Cambridge, Mliss.( Biology.) l'enbody, James E., Morris High School, New York, N. Y.(('h. Biotoyu.) I'eirson, Mabel, High School, Pasadena, Calif. --(Bif,/ory.) Powers, S. B., University High School, Minneapolis. Minn.((' h/ mixtry.) .T. A., Toledo Seale Company, Toledo, ()Illio.---(P/sysie.v.) ltivett, B1 .T., Northwestern High School, Detroit, Mich.(('hemiwfry.) siwrp, C. M.. Manna! Trainin: High School, Im1.(Chemistry.) Shinn, Harold B., Cat41 Schurz High School, Chicago,Ill.(lt/o/4m) Sohon, M. D., Morris High School. New York, N. Y.--(('hemistry.) Stuart, Milo Il., W11(11)311, Technical High Scho4d, Indian:(41s, Ind.._._(super. visorp) Terry, H. L., Slate high-shool supervisor, Madkon. Wis.--(Gencral svirner.) Tillman, Krnest S., High School, Hammond, In11.(Itioloyy.) Twigs, 0. IL, Ohio State University, 00111111MS, ( Phi/mirk) ted, State Normal School, Plattmille, Wis.---( Biology, ) Walter, Herbert E., Brown Univqrsity, Providence, It; Biology.) Wiinehope. J. W., Mechanical Arts High Sclio411, St. PaIll, 111111.(Phimica.) Whh,11.'tA.,George PeabodycollegeforTuachers.Nashville, Tenn. (('hemistry.) Westntt, C. M., Hollywood High School, Los Angeles, Calif.(Physics.) Whitman, W. 0., State Normal School, Salem, Mass.----(General Science.) William It. 11, The SCHrborough School, Scarborough, N. Y.(Chemistry.k Woodhull. J. F., Teachers College, New York, N. Y.(Ch. GeneralSciowe.). 3 THE ItEVIEWING COMMITTEE (11.' THE tX/MM1SSION ON THE ItElt- GANIZA'CION OP SECoNOAlty EDI'CATION. a'c'he Ire% iewiug Committee consists of 20 member., of whom 10 are chairmen of eoui- mitters Lind 10 arc members at large.). Ntai Chairmanof theCommission and of the Recietvioig Commetee: Clarence 1). Kingsley, State high-school supervisor, Boston, Mass. Members ut laryc: lion.1'.1'. Claxton. United States Commissioner of Ediwation, Washing ton. D. C. Thomas II. Briggs, professor of secondary edueation, Teachers College, Columbia University. New York City. Alexander Inglis, assistant professor of education,' Harvard University, Cambridge. Mass. Henry Neumann, Ethical Culture School, New York City. William Orr, senior educational secretary, international Y. M. C. A. com- mittee, 104 Past Twenty-eighth Street, New York City. William B. Owen, principal Chicago Normal College, Chicago, 111. J. J. Didcoct, professor of secondary education, George Peabody College for.Teachers, Nashville, Tenn. Joseph S. Stewart, profes:Aw of secondary a duration, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. Milo II. Stuart, principal Technical High School, Indianalsolls. II.L. 'ferry, State high-school supervisor, Madison, Wis. ChairmenofCommittees: Administration of Secondary Edportion--(Charles Hughes Johnston, profes- sor of secondary education, University, of Illinois, Urbana, AgricultureA. V. Storm, professor of agricultural education, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. Art Education]loyal B. Panama, president, Mechanics Institute, Roch- ester, N. Y. Articulation of High School and College ---l'inrence D. Kingsley, State high- school supervisor, Boston; Mass. Busine.ss Eduanion Cheesman A. Herrick, president, Girard College, Phila- delphia, Pa. Classical Languages--Walter Eugene Foster, Stayvesant High School, New York City. EnglishJames Fleming 'I bask, Chicago Normal College, Chicago, 111. Home EconomicsMrs. Henrietta Calvin, United States Bureau of Educa- tion, Washingtoal). C. Industrial Arts--allson IL Henderson, extension division,University of Wisconsin (flow Major, Sanitary Corps, War Department, U. S. A.). MathematicsWilliam Heard Kilpatrick, professor of education, Teachers College, Columbia University, !'ew York City. Modern LanguagesEdward Manley, Englewood High School, Chicago), Ill. Music 1V 111Earhart, director of music, Pittsburg, Pa. Physical Ellin ntionJawes H. McCurdy, director of normal courses of physical education, International Y. M. C. A. College, Springfield, Mass. SciencesOtis IV. Caldwell, director, Lincoln School, and professor of edu- ention, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City. Sovial Stud lesThomas Jesse JoneS, educational director, Phelps.Sokes fund, New York City. Vocational GuidanceFrank M. Leavitt, associate superintendent of *loads. Pit tsburgh,- Deceased, Sept. 4, 1017. la:POUTS (sl,' (.,,',NINIISSIoN ()NTHE 111.:Illt(1.NIZ.NTHIN .1.1ATIoN, The following reports of the covimissionlinvelmen isSina us bulletins of the United Slates Bureau of Educat may Isc proeurePfromi the Superin tendent of Documents, GovernmentPrinting Office, 11'itsitingtoti, D. C., nt the prices stated.Lower prices will be molted for quantities. he Made In cold or money order. Remittance should tither reporls of the commissionare In ioreparn t11)11. 1915, No. 23. The Teaching of (7-m1)0110111yCivit.s.10 emits. 1919, No. 28. The Social Siudies In SeconliaryEthicalion.10 cents. 1917, No. 2. Reorganization of English inSecondary Schools.20 cents. 1917, No. 99. Music in Secondnry Schools.S Cents. 1:117, No. 50. Physical Education in SocondarySchools. 5 cents. 1917, Nli. 51. 2.11)111 Values In SitmolnryEducation.5 cents. 1918, No. 19, Vocational Guidance In SecondarySchools.6 cents. 191$, No. 35. Cardinal Principles. of SecondaryEducation. 5 cents. 1919. No. 55. Business Education In SecondarySchools.10 cents. 1920. No.1. The Problem of Alallioniaths ht Secondary' Ethication.5 cents. 1920. No. 29. ReMganIzation'of Science In I 80401111411W Se110018.10 cents. 8 0 CONTENTS, Membersof the science committee -L 3 litleaving committee of the commission 4 list of available reports of the commission 5 Letter of transmittal Preface _ I. THE AIMS, METHODS. AND OHJANIZATION OF THE SCIENCESAS . WHOLE IN SECO;NDADY EDUCATION. 1.General statement__ 11 II. General aims and purposes_ 5 1 2 A. Contribution to educational objectives 1 2 B. Specific values % 1 1 III. General principles governing the selection of material add itspre- sentation__N 4_ let A..Point of view In organizing work ,..._ . 16 (1) Organization _ 17 (a ) Centralizing topics_ 17 ( b) Project (leaned_ 17 (crlielation of project to topics__ \----" .. 1 7 (2) The natural way of working 1 (3) Dangers to be avoided. IS (4) Considerations determining choice of topies_____,-- 19 (5) The advanced courses In sciences. 19 B. Laboratory procedure ' It C. Classroom procedure- 2t) D. Cooperation between pupil and teacher; schel. home, at community 1 IV. Sciences sequences retommemitsi for various coedit ins..___ Part II. .THEPHINCIPAL.COURSES IN SC):NCI:. I.I lenenti science - :':". A. Selection and organization of sullje4matter .2. :271 , -B. Methods '21i C. Sample topics _, II. Biological sciences , 2to A. Place 9f biological sciences ------ 29 B. Changes in the point of view li No4114140 tettehing 21)-, ..- C. Aims .1 80 11). Sequence anti contiguity _. A 40 H. Content of it getwritl biological turse Si i f F. Methods .,- .,.,.. , r ... t "V"' :AO'1411P. 0. Content of special biological sciences . , SS - CON T1,..TS. Page. III. Chemist ry .3ti A. 11.1tyreorgailiv.;t1 'mn is iwel.ssary 36 B. Principal. aims . 36 C. depend onsidtrittions concerning content and method. 37 (1) Diflicattles 37 (2) Laboratory work :ts (3) Aids to the chemistry teacher .Io U. Specific principles controllingyAganization ...____ 41 II) Larger units of study 11 (2) Laws att6 theories 42 Content 42 11I1'erentlated chemistry courses for conain curt/feu] s_ . 47 IV. Physics