THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2016) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2016 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveola r Postalveola r Retroflex Palatal Vela r Uvula r Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d ≥ …cïk gq G / Nasal m İ n = Ò N Î Trill õ r R Tap or Flap ⱱ |Ç Fricative F B f v T D sz S Z§ˆć JxVX å © ?hH Lateral fricative ñL Approximant æ ¨ ø j» Lateral approximant l Ï ´ K Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Central Back Close i y é è ∑ u > Bilabial ≤ Bilabial ' Examples: I Y U ù Dental ë Dental/alveolar p' Bilabial Close-mid e P ɘ  ‰ o < (Post)alveolar ú Palatal t' Dental/alveolar π ¥ Palatoalveolar Ä Velar k' Velar Open-mid E{ ä ɞ μ O Ù Alveolar lateral ì Uvular s' Alveolar fricative ⁄ ¿ OTHER SYMBOLS Open a ‹ A ş ª Voiceless labial-velar fricative – ó Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. w Voiced labial-velar approximant ◊ Voiced alveolar lateral flap ç Voiced labial-palatal approximant ê Simultaneous S and x SUPRASEGMENTALS í Voiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress Affricates and double articulations " ®foUnπ"tISπn Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ® Secondary stress Ω ts∞ kp∂ joined by a tie bar if necessary. Ö Epiglottal plosive É Long e É ò Half-long eò DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. N( * Extra-short e* 9 Voiceless n9 d9 ∫ Breathy voiced b∫ a∫ 1 Dental t1 d 1 ù Minor (foot) group 3 Voiced Creaky voiced ’ Apical ’ ’ s3 t3 0 b0 a0 t d Ù Major (intonation) group Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal î tî dî £ t £ d£ 4 t4 d4 . Syllable break ¨i.⁄kt More rounded Labialized Nasalized 7 O7 W tW dW ) e) Å Linking (absence of a break) Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release Í OÍ ≠ t≠ d≠ ö dö TONES AND WORD ACCENTS Advanced Velarized Lateral release LEVEL CONTOUR ± u± Ú tÚ dÚ ” d” Extra or or Rising 2 Retracted e2 ı Pharyngealized tı dı } No audible release d} e_ “ high e# Ê e! č High e$ ∆ Falling á Centralized eá â Velarized or pharyngealized : High Mid e@ ≈ e% rising + Mid-centralized e + Raised e6 ( ¨6 = voiced alveolar fricative) 6 Low e~ ™ Low e rising Ô ` Syllabic n` À Lowered eÀ ( BÀ = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- eÑ È low e& falling Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root 8 e8 5 e5 ÿ Downstep à Global rise Ø Rhoticity ã aØ ° Retracted Tongue Root e ° Õ Upstep ¤ Global fall Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext); Doulos SIL, IPA Kiel, IPA LS Uni (symbols) .