Notes Introduction 1. George Orwell (1970) ‘My Country, Right or Left’ in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds), Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. I (London: Penguin Books), p. 589. 2. Samuel Hynes (1976) The Auden Generation (London: The Bodley Head), pp. 17–21. 3. Stefan Dudink et al. (2004) ‘Editors’ Preface’ in Stefan Dudink et al. (eds), Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. xii. 4. Leo Braudy (2003) From Chivalry to Terrorism: War and the Changing Nature of Masculinity (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), p. xvi. 5. Samuel Hynes (1997) The Soldiers’ Tale: Bearing Witness to Modern War (New York: Penguin Books), p. 5. 6. Nicoletta F. Gullace (2002) ‘The Blood of Our Sons’: Men, Women, and the Renegotiation of British Citizenship During the Great War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 101–115. 7. For a discussion of tensions between heroic and domestic masculinities at the turn of the century, see John Tosh (1999) A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-class Home in Victorian England (New Haven: Yale University Press), Chapter 8. 8. Hynes, The Soldiers’ Tale, pp. 1–2; Paul Fussell (1975) The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. ix. 9. Sandra M. Gilbert (1987) ‘Soldiers’ Heart: Literary men, literary women, and the Great War’ in Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al. (eds), Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars (New Haven: Yale University Press), p. 207. 10. Siegfried Sassoon (1979) ‘The Glory of Women’ in Jon Silken (ed.) The Penguin Book of First World War Poetry (London: Penguin Books), p. 132; Richard Aldington (1929) Death of a Hero (London: Chatto and Windus). 11. J. M. Winter (1985) The Great War and the British People (London: Macmillan Education Ltd.), pp. 10–18; Samuel Hynes (1991) A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture (New York: Atheneum), pp. 11–17. See also Tracey Hill (ed.) (1997), Decadence and Danger: Writing, History and the Fin de Siécle (Bath: Sulis Press); Frank Mort (1987) Dangerous Sexualities: Medico- moral Politics in England Since 1830 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul) and Daniel Pick (1989) Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c.1848–1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 12. Gullace, ‘The Blood of Our Sons’, pp. 37–46. 13. Janet S. K. Watson (2004) Fighting Different Wars: Experience, Memory, and the First World War in Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 29–41; Susan Kingsley Kent (1993) Making Peace: The Reconstruction of 168 Notes 169 Gender in Interwar Britain (Princeton: Princeton University Press), pp. 72–73; ‘Introduction’ in Higonnet et al., Behind the Lines, pp. 4–6. 14. Joan W. Scott, ‘Rewriting History’ in Higonnet et al., Behind the Lines, p. 25. 15. Scott, ‘Rewriting History’, p. 27. 16. Kingsley Kent, Making Peace; Gail Braybon (1981) Women Workers and the First World War (London: Routledge); Deborah Thom (1998) Nice Girls and Rude Girls: Women Workers in World War I (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers). 17. Susan R. Grayzel (1999) Women’s Identities at War: Gender, Motherhood, and Politics in Britain and France During the First World War (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press); Janis Lomas (2000) ‘ “Delicate Duties”: Issues of class and respectability in government policy towards wives and widows of British soldiers in the era of the Great War’, Women’s His- tory Review, 9:1, 123–147; Susan Pedersen (1993) Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State: Britain and France, 1914–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp.79–137. 18. For comparative approaches to the question of gender roles and relations, looking at how the lives of both men and women were changed, see Gullace, ‘Blood of Our Sons’ and Watson, Fighting Different Wars. 19. Gilbert, ‘Soldier’s Heart’ in Higonnet et al., Behind the Lines, p. 203. 20. Ibid., p. 225. 21. Kingsley Kent, Making Peace, p. 115. 22. Claire M. Tylee (1988) ‘ “Maleness run riot”: The great war and women’s resistance to militarism’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 11:3, 199–210. 23. Eric J. Leed, (1979) No Man’s Land: Combat and Identity in World War I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 4. 24. Deborah Cohen (2001) The War Come Home: Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany 1914–1939 (Berkeley: University of California Press), p. 127; Seth Koven (1994) ‘Remembering and Dismemberment: crippled children, wounded soldiers and the Great War in Great Britain’, American Historical Review, 99:4, 1167–1202. 25. Helen B. McCartney (2005) Citizen Soldiers: The Liverpool Territorials in the First World War, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 90–103; David Englander (1994) ‘Soldiering and Identity: reflections on the Great War’, War in History, 1:3, 304. 26. Cohen, The War Come Home, p. 189. 27. Ibid., p. 144. 28. Michael Roper ‘Maternal Relations: moral manliness and emotional survival in letters home during the First World War’ in Dudink et al., Masculinities in Politics and War, p. 297. 29. Leed, No Man’s Land, pp. 163–186; Elaine Showalter (1987) The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830–1980 (London: Virago), pp. 176–178; Alison Light (1991) Forever England: Femininity, Literature and Conservatism Between the Wars (London: Routledge), p. 7. The symbolism is perhaps most evident in the portrayal of shell-shocked soldiers in contemporary novels such as Pat Barker’s Regeneration trilogy (1991–1995). 30. Gullace, ‘The Blood of Our Sons’, p. 93. 31. Hynes, A War Imagined, p. 215. 170 Notes 32. Martin Green (1980) Deeds of Adventure, Dreams of Empire (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul), pp. 31–35; Michael Paris (2000) Warrior Nation: Images of War in British Popular Culture, 1850–2000 (London: Reaktion Books), pp. 54–58; John MacKenzie (1992) ‘Introduction: popular imperialism and the military’ in John MacKenzie (ed.) Popular Imperialism and the Military, 1850–1950 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 1; Jeffrey Richards, ‘Poplar Imperialism and the Image of the Army in Juvenile Literature’ in MacKenzie (ed.), Popular Imperialism and the Military, pp. 81–87; Graham Dawson (1994) Soldier Heroes: British Adventure, Empire and the Imagining of Masculinities (London: Routledge), pp. 120–128, 167–168; Max Jones (2003) The Last Great Quest: Captain Scott’s Antarctic Sacrifice (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 245–251. 33. Gullace, ‘Blood of Our Sons’, p. 49; Keith Surridge (2001) ‘More than a great poster: Lord Kitchener and the image of the military hero’, Historical Research, 74:185, 308–309. 34. Michael Paris (2000) ‘Boys’ Books and the Great War’, History Today, 50:11, 49. 35. Rosa Maria Bracco (1993) Merchants of Hope: Middlebrow Writers and the First World War, 1919–1939 (Oxford: Berg), pp. 196–199. 36. Dawson, Soldier Heroes, p. 1. The durability of the figure of the soldier hero in other European cultures has been discussed by George Mosse (1996) The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 181–183. 37. Michael Adams (1990) The Great Adventure: Male Desire and the Com- ing of World War I (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), p. 29; Keith McClelland (1991) ‘Masculinity and the “Representative Artisan” in Britain, 1850–80’ in Michael Roper and John Tosh (eds), Manful Assertions: Masculin- ities in Britain since 1800 (London: Routledge), pp. 82–85. 38. John Tosh (1994) ‘What Should Historians Do With Masculinity? Reflections on nineteenth-century Britain’, History Workshop Journal, 38, 185. 39. Wally Seccombe (1986) ‘Patriarchy Stabilized: the construction of the male breadwinner norm in nineteenth-century Britain’, Social History 2:1 (January 1986), 54. 40. Tosh, A Man’s Place, pp. 1–2. 41. Ibid., pp. 193–194. 42. Gullace, ‘Blood of Our Sons,’ Chapter 2. 43. Joanna Bourke (1996) Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War (London: Reaktion Books), pp. 167–170; Tosh, A Man’s Place, p. 196; Winter, The Great War and the British People, pp. 250–253; Light, Forever England,p.8. 44. Dennis Winter (1979) Death’s Men: Soldiers of the Great War (London: Penguin Books), p. 16. 45. Dan Todman (2005) The Great War: Myth and Memory (London: Hambledon), p. xiv; Michael Roper (2005) ‘Between manliness and masculinity: the “war generation” and the psychology of fear in Britain, 1914–1970’, Journal of British Studies, 44:2, 345. 46. Todman, The Great War, p. 187. 47. Examples of this sort of history include the numerous volumes culled from interviews and sources at the Imperial War Museum by Lyn MacDonald Notes 171 and Max Arthur, as well as more analytical works such Dennis Winter’s Death’s Men. 48. Sharon Ouditt (1994) Fighting Forces, Writing Women: Identity and Ideology in the First World War (London: Routledge), p. 3. 49. Jane Potter (2005) Boys in Khaki, Girls in Print: Women’s Literary Responses to the Great War 1914–1918 (Oxford: Clarendon Press); Light, Forever England. 50. Angela K. Smith (2000) The Second Battlefield: Women, Modernism and the First World War (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 19. 51. Ibid., p. 5. 52. Ibid., p. 40. 53. Margaret Millman (2003) ‘In the Shadows of War: continuities and dis- continuities in the construction of masculine identities in British soldiers, 1914–1924’, PhD. diss., University of Greenwich, p. 20. 54. Dawson, Soldier Heroes, pp. 22–26; Paris, Warrior Nation, pp. 49–71. 55. Millman, ‘In the Shadows of War’, p. 13. 56. Horne, ‘Masculinities in politics and war’ in Dudink et al., Masculinities in Politics and War, p. 28; Millman, ‘In the Shadows of War’, p. 3; Mosse, The Image of Man, pp. 17–24. 57. Bourke, Dismembering the Male. 58. Santanu Das (2005) Touch and Intimacy in First World War Literature (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press), p.