Studies 12 omslag_Edita 04-11-30 09.50 Sida 1 SOUNDS OF CHANGE – Sounds of Change – Contributing Authors and Interviewees OF MUSIC IN AFRICA SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FEATURES Social and Political Features of Music in Africa EDITOR STIG-MAGNUS THORSÉN Mai Palmberg Susan MakoreAnnemette Ole Reitov Kirkegaard African music is intricately interwoven with development issues. The texts of twelve authors – and the music on the attached cd – mirror ways in which music reflects and interacts with development of society. Music is a dynamic Marie Korpe Wolfgang Bender Richard Traoré Krister Malm and highly charged force that affects and embraces intel- lectual property rights, democracy, economic growth, cen- sorship, media, tradition, globalisation, and education. The discussions extend over issues of oppression of Richard Caleb Okumu James Flolu Stig-Magnus Ssewakiryanga Chrispo Thorsén women, culture, and human rights. Sida J. H. Kwabena studies Nketia THE SIDA STUDIES-SERIES OFFERS A SELECTION OF THE REPORTS AND STUDIES COMMISSIONED BY DIFFERENT no. DEPARTMENTS AT SIDA. THE SELECTION IS MADE TO REFLECT ISSUES OF RELEVANCE TO SIDA’S POLICIES AND PRACTICES, 12 BUT EACH REPORT EXPRESSES THE VIEWS AND FINDINGS OF ITS WRITER(S). Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Address: SE–105 25 Stockholm, Sweden. Visiting address: Sveavägen 20, Stockholm. 12 Tel +46 8 698 50 00, e-mail: [email protected] Sidastudies no. www.sida.se Studies 12 omslag_Edita 04-11-30 09.50 Sida 2 Audio examples Previous issues in the Sida Studies series: No 1 Moldova’s Transition to Destitution. Per Ronnås and Nina Orlova. Art. nr. D 0708 Sida Studies No. 12 No 2 Beneficiary, Consumer, Citizen: Perspectives on Participation for Poverty Reduction. Andrea Cornwall. Art. nr. D 0718 Sounds of Change – Social and Political Features of Music in Africa No 3 Discussing Women’s Empowerment – Theory and Practice. Art. nr. D 0738 EDITOR: STIG-MAGNUS THORSÉN No 4 On Democracy’s Sustainability – Transition in Guinea-Bissau. Lars Rudebeck. SIDA4308en Art. nr. D 0758 No 5 The Least Developed Countries and World Trade. Stefan de Vylder, Gunnel Axelsson Nycander and Marianne Laanatza. Art. nr. D 0792 Mastering: Fredric Bergström All rights reserved. Swedish version: De minst utvecklade länderna och världshandeln. Art. nr. D 0769 Pressed by: Digitalfabriken No 6 Programme Support and Public Finance Management – A New Role for Bilateral Donors in Poverty Strategy Work. Ulrika Brobäck and Stefan Sjölander. Art. nr. D 0882 APPENDIX: AUDIO EXAMPLES 1. Oliver Mtukudzi & The Black Spirits: Wasakara (7’27”). 2. Remmy Ongala: Mambo Kwa Soksi (8’01”). No 7 One Step Further – Responses to HIV/AIDS. Art. nr. 1693en 3. Maryam Mursal: Somali Udiida Ceb (5’38”). 4. Matoub Lounès: Sserhass Ayadu (4’01”). 5. Roger Lucey: Lungile Tabalaza (3’25”). 6. Wendo: Marie-Louise (3’22”). 7. Georges Ouédraogo: Rosalie (4’09”). 8. Doundosy: Djecka (3’22”). 9. The Perfect Generation: Kakoolo No. 1 Hit (4’49”). No 8 International Labour Migrants: Unsung heroes of globalisation. 10. Rose Quaye: Enyidado Egya (5’25”). 11. Kwanongoma College of Music: Amaxoxo (2’07”). Bhargavi Ramamurthy. Art. nr. Sida2899en Total playing time for all audio examples: 52’16” This compilation © by Sida 2004 with permission of original copyright holders. See Sida Studies No. 12. No 9 Migranter på den internationella arbetsmarknaden: Globaliseringens förbisedda hjältar. Bhargavi Ramamurthy. Art. nr. Sida2899sv No 10 The Culture of Power in Contemporary Ethiopian Political Life. Sarah Vaughan and Kjetil Tronvoll. Art. nr. Sida3358en 1. Oliver Mtukudzi & The Black Spirits: Wasakara (7’27”) 7. Georges Ouédraogo: Rosalie (4’09”) No 11 Lifelong Learning in the South: Critical Issues and Opportunities for Adult Education. 2. Remmy Ongala: Mambo Kwa Soksi (8’01”) 8. Doundosy: Djecka (3’22”) Rosa María Torres. Art. nr. SIDA4303en 3. Maryam Mursal: Somali Udiida Ceb (5’38”) 9. The Perfect Generation: Kakoolo No. 1 Hit (4’49”) 4. Matoub Lounès: Sserhass Ayadu (4’01”) 10. Rose Quaye: Enyidado Egya (5’25”) 5. Roger Lucey: Lungile Tabalaza (3’25”) 11. Kwanongoma College of Music: Amaxoxo (2’07”) 6. Wendo: Marie-Louise (3’22”) Total playing time for all audio examples: 52’16” Further notes and comments on the audio examples on page 217. Sounds of Change – Social and Political Features of Music in Africa Sida Studies can be ordered by visiting Sida’s website: www.sida.se Sida Studies can also be ordered from Sida’s Information Centre. E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +46 8 698 55 80 The Sida Studies-series offers a selection of the reports and studies recently commissioned by different departments at Sida. The selection is made to reflect issues of relevance to Sida’s policies and practices, but each report expresses the views and findings of its writer(s). Sida Studies no. 12 Editor: Stig-Magnus Thorsén Editorial group: Krister Malm, Mai Palmberg, Maria Arnqvist, and Maria Gasch. Copyright: Sida Series Editor: Anne Sisask Graphic Design: Johan Nilsson/Kombinera Cover Photo: Thomas Raupach/Phoenix Printed by Edita Sverige ab, 2004. issn 1404-9562 isbn 91-586-8415-8 Art. nr. sida4308en Sounds of Change – Social and Political Features of Music in Africa EDITOR STIG-MAGNUS THORSÉN Sidastudies Foreword by Sida One of the aims of Sida Studies is that they should be a bridge between good scientific work and popular reading. They should be of innovative value to development and be interesting and relevant for readers outside research institutions and universities. In the study Sounds of Change a number of music researchers and stake- holders from Africa and the Nordic countries describe the role of music in political, social, economic and not least, cultural development on the African continent from their own different points of departure. To Sida, the articles of the individual authors form a stimulating and thought-pro- voking view of the role and possibilities of music, not only in its own right but also as part of the development agenda. Here we can acquire knowl- edge to improve our analyses and follow-up of the overall objective of Swedish development cooperation “to help create conditions that will en- able the poor to improve their lives.” Sida’s point of departure is that all development is generated by peo- ple within their own societies and can never be created from outside. The links to poverty reduction and to the goals of development cooperation in the cultural field are often not evident at a glance. However, this report will help us. Amongst other things, the study touches upon music as a po- litical protest, and thus illustrates the role of music as a mobilising factor for political change; and it also touches upon music as a product for ex- port and import and thus illustrates the role of music as a factor in eco- nomic growth. With the aid of illustrations and the attached cd with audio examples, the study takes up conflicting circumstances, events and attitudes in soci- ety, exemplified in the concepts of modernity, tradition, colonialism, gen- der, identity, censorship, profit, resistance and political oppression. The positive influence of music vibrates between the expressions of conflict in the lines and tones of this study – both as a goal in itself and as a means to achieve change in the everyday lives of people, in which conflicts are often present. The study is intended for an interested public and for cultural work- ers and cultural institutions inside and outside Africa. It is also intended for researchers and research establishments working in the field of music and social science, and for libraries. We would like to extend our very warm thanks to Professor Stig- Magnus Thorsén at the School of Music and Music Education at Göte- FOREWORD 5 borg University, who has been the editor of this study and who has per- formed his task with great skill and sensibility. We would also very much like to thank the editorial group, Krister Malm, Mai Palmberg, Maria Arnqvist and Maria Gasch for their dedicated work in the study and, finally, we would indeed like to warmly thank all authors to the different chapters. Stockholm, November 2004 Lena Johansson Åke Löfgren Head of Division for Senior Programme Officer Culture and Media Sida Sida Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 9 Mai Palmberg (Sweden) 1. MUSIC IN ZIMBABWE’S CRISIS .................................................................... 18 Susan Makore (Zimbabwe) 2. WOMEN IN MUSIC: SOME NOTES ON ZIMBABWE ......................................... 47 Annemette Kirkegaard (Denmark) 3. REMMY ONGALA – MODERATING THROUGH MUSIC ...................................... 57 Ole Reitov & Marie Korpe (Denmark) 4. “NOT TO BE BROADCASTED” ...................................................................... 70 Wolfgang Bender (Germany) 5. MODERN AFRICAN MUSIC – AN AUTONOMOUS MUSIC ................................. 87 Interview with Richard Traoré (Burkina Faso) 6. MUSIC INDUSTRY IN BURKINA FASO AND MALI – THE CASE OF SEYDONI PRODUCTION ....................................................... 107 Krister Malm (Sweden) 7. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND UNFAIR EXPLOITATION OF TRADITIONAL MUSIC AND OTHER TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN AFRICA ...................................................... 120 Richard Ssewakiryanga (Uganda) 8. “BRINGING THE GLOBAL HOME” LOCATING AGENCY IN THE RECONFIGURATION OF WESTERN MUSIC BY UGANDAN YOUTH .................. 135 Caleb Okumu Chrispo (Kenya) 9. LOCAL, TRADITIONAL, AND GLOBAL ASPECTS