Section 10 National Security and Veterans Affairs This section displays data for national Armed Forces as he considers necessary security (national defense and homeland to enforce federal authority in any state. security) and benefits for veterans. Data There is in each Armed Force a ready are presented on national defense and its reserve, a standby reserve, and a retired human and financial costs; active and reserve. The Ready Reserve includes the reserve military personnel; and federally Selected Reserve, which provides trained sponsored programs and benefits for vet- and ready units and individuals to aug- erans, and funding, budget and selected ment the active forces during times of agencies for homeland security. The prin- war or national emergency, or at other cipal sources of these data are the annual times when required; and the Individual Selected Manpower Statistics and the Ready Reserve, which is a manpower pool Atlas/Data Abstract for the United States, that can be called to active duty during Annual Report of Secretary of Veterans times of war or national emergency and Affairs, U.S. Department of Veterans would normally be used as individual fill- Affairs (VA), Budget in Brief, U.S. Depart- ers for active, guard, and reserve units, ment of Homeland Security; and The Bud- and as a source of combat replacements. get of the United States Government, Most of the Ready Reserve serves in an Office of Management and Budget. For active status. See Table 501 for Standby data on international expenditures and Reserve and Retired Reserve detail. personnel, see Table 1369, Section 30. Department of Veterans Affairs Department of Defense (DoD)—The (VA)—A veteran is someone 18 years and U.S. Department of Defense is responsible older (there are a few 17-year-old veter- for providing the military forces of the ans) who is not currently on active duty, United States. It includes the Office of the but who once served on active duty in the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of United States Army, Navy, Air Force, Staff, the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard, or who and the defense agencies. The President served in the Merchant Marine during serves as Commander-in-Chief of the World War II. There are many groups Armed Forces; from him, the authority whose active service makes them veter- flows to the Secretary of Defense and ans including: those who incurred a through the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the service-connected disability during active commanders of unified and specified duty for training in the Reserves or commands (e.g., U.S. Strategic Com- National Guard, even though that service mand). would not otherwise have counted for Reserve components—The Reserve veteran status; members of a national Components of the Armed Forces consist guard or reserve component who have of the Army National Guard of the United been ordered to active duty by order of States, Army Reserve, Naval Reserve, the President or who have a full-time mili- Marine Corps Reserve, Air National Guard, tary job. The latter are called AGRs (Active Air Force Reserve, and Coast Guard Guard and Reserve). No one who has Reserve. They provide trained personnel received a dishonorable discharge is a and units available for active duty in the veteran. Armed Forces during times of war or national emergency, and at such other The VA administers laws authorizing ben- times as national security may require. efits for eligible former and present mem- The National Guard has dual federal/state bers of the Armed Forces and for the ben- responsibilities and uses jointly provided eficiaries of deceased members. Veterans’ equipment, facilities, and budget support. benefits available under various acts of The President is empowered to mobilize Congress include compensation for the National Guard and to use such of the service-connected disability or death; National Security and Veterans Affairs 323 U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2010 pensions for non-service-connected dis- under a single department. Out of these ability or death; vocational rehabilitation, agencies, the Secret Service and Coast education and training; home loan insur- Guard remain intact and report directly to ance; life insurance; health care; special the Secretary. Immigration and Naturaliza- housing and automobiles or other con- tion Services (INS) adjudications and ben- veyances for certain disabled veterans; efits programs report directly to the burial and plot allowances; and educa- Deputy Secretary as the U.S. Citizenship tional assistance to families of deceased and Immigration Services (USCIS). or totally disabled veterans, servicemen missing in action, or prisoners of war. The Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Since these benefits are legislated by Con- is responsible for managing, securing, gress, the dates they were enacted and and controlling U.S. borders. This includes the dates they apply to veterans may be carrying out traditional border-related different from the actual dates the con- responsibilities, such as stemming the flicts occurred. VA estimates of veterans tide of illegal drugs and illegal aliens; cover all persons discharged from active securing and facilitating legitimate global U.S. military service under conditions trade and travel; and protecting the food other than dishonorable. supply and agriculture industry from Homeland Security—In an effort to pests and disease. CBP is composed of increase homeland security following the the Border Patrol and Inspections (both September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on moved from INS) along with Customs the United States, President George W. (absorbed from the U.S. Department of Bush issued the National Strategy for Treasury) and Animal and Plant Health Homeland Security in July 2002 and Inspections Services (absorbed from the signed legislation creating the Depart- U.S. Department of Agriculture). ment of Homeland Security (DHS) in The Immigration and Customs Enforce- November 2002. ment (ICE) mission is to protect America The funding and activities of homeland and uphold public safety by targeting the security are not only carried out by DHS, people, money, and materials crossing the but also by other federal agencies, state, nation’s borders that support terrorist and and local entities. In addition to DHS, criminal activities. ICE is the largest inves- there are over 30 other federal agencies tigation arm of DHS. ICE is composed of that comprise federal homeland security five law enforcement divisions: Investiga- funding. DHS, along with four other tions, Intelligence, Federal Protective Serv- agencies—Department of Defense (DoD), ice, International Affairs, and Detention Energy (DoE), Health and Human Services and Removal Operations. ICE investigates (HHS), and Justice (DoJ)—account for most a wide range of national security, financial of the federal spending for homeland and smuggling violations including drug security. smuggling, human trafficking, illegal Department of Homeland Security arms exports, financial crimes, commer- (DHS)—The mission of DHS is to lead the cial fraud, human smuggling, document unified national effort to secure America. fraud, money laundering, child This effort is to prevent and deter terror- pornography/exploitation, and immigra- ist attacks and to protect against and tion fraud. respond to threats and hazards to the The Transportation Security Administra- nation. This effort is to secure our tion (TSA) was created as part of the Avia- national borders while welcoming lawful tion and Transportation Security Act on immigrants, visitors, and trade. November 19, 2001. TSA was originally The creation of DHS, which began opera- part of the U.S. Department of Transporta- tions in March 2003, represents a fusion tion, but was moved to DHS. TSA’s mis- of 22 federal agencies (legacy agencies) sion is to provide security to our nation’s to coordinate and centralize the leader- transportation systems with a primary ship of many homeland security activities focus on aviation security. 324 National Security and Veterans Affairs U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2010 Figure 10.1 Officers and Enlisted Personnel by Military Branch: 2008 Enlisted Officers Thousands 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Army Navy Marine Corps Air Force Source: Chart prepared by U.S. Census Bureau. For data, see Table 498. Figure 10.2 Department of Defense Personnel by Sex: 2008 Male Femaie Thousands 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Army Navy Marine Corps Air Force Source: Chart prepared by U.S. Census Bureau. For data, see Table 498. National Security and Veterans Affairs 325 U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2010 Table 491. National Defense Outlays and Veterans Benefits: 1960 to 2010 [In billions of dollars (53.5 represents $53,500,000,000), except percent. For fiscal year ending in year shown, see text, Sec- tion 8. Includes outlays of Department of Defense, Department of Veterans Affairs, and other agencies for activities primarily related to national defense and veterans programs. For explanation of average annual percent change, see Guide to Tabular Presenta- tion. Minus sign (-) indicates decrease] National defense and veterans’ outlays 1 Defense outlays (bil. dol.) Annual percent change percent of— Year Defense outlays Constant Gross Total Current (FY2000) Veterans’ Total Defense Veterans’ Federal domestic outlays dollars dollars outlays outlays outlays outlays outlays product 2 1960 ........ 53.5 48.1 300.2 5.4 2.5 2.4 3.1 52.2 9.3 1970 ........ 90.4 81.7 375.1 8.7 0.3 –1.0 13.6 41.8 8.1 1980 ........ 155.1 134.0 267.1 21.1 13.9 15.2 6.3 22.7 4.9 1990 ........ 328.4 299.3 382.7 29.1 –1.6 –1.4 –3.2 23.9 5.2 1995 ........ 310.0 272.1 305.9 37.9 –2.9 –3.4 0.8 17.9 3.7 1997 .......