DVB—The Family of International Standards for Digital Video Broadcasting ULRICH H. REIMERS, FELLOW, IEEE Invited Paper This paper presents an overview of the fields of technology of the DVB Project and its mode of operation are described addressed by technical specifications created by the DVB Project elsewhere in this issue [2]. Note that in DVB the word (DVB). It serves as an introduction to the section of the special broadcasting is used very generically to describe the trans- issue of the PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE in which a number of very recent DVB technologies will be explained in detail. The overview port of media content from one point of origin to multiple starts with an explanation of the wide field of application which the receivers—irrespective of the physical network used for this members of the DVB Project decided to address over the years. It transport. The specifications for carrying IP data on DVB then discusses the base band processing required for DVB services networks, the solutions for interaction and return channels, and looks into the specifications provided for the broadcasting the software environment called Multimedia Home Platform over cable, satellite, and terrestrial transmitters. The concept of broadcasting generic data is explained and the interaction (MHP) and the specifications enabling point-to-multipoint channels supported by DVB will be introduced. Multimedia Home distribution of all sorts of data to handheld devices belong to Platform (MHP) facilitates a horizontal market of receivers able this group of solutions. Specifications developed by the DVB to run software programs (applications in DVB terminology) in a Technical Module are documents which—after approval well defined way. After a short introduction into the specifications by the Steering Board—are made publicly available in the addressing the delivery of broadcast-type content over broad-band IP networks, the concept of broadcasting to handheld devices is form of “DVB Blue Books.” In order for these documents to introduced. The paper closes with a description of the newest areas become international standards they are passed to the Joint of development DVB has decided to tackle. Technical Committee (JTC) Broadcast jointly formed by the Keywords—Data broadcasting, digital TV, digital video broad- European Broadcasting Union, the European Telecommuni- casting (DVB), multimedia home platform. cations Standards Institute (ETSI) and the Comité Européen de Normalization Électrotechnique (CENELEC). These organizations then turn specifications into standards. In par- I. INTRODUCTION allel DVB will in many cases deliver documents providing implementation guidelines accompanying the specifications. DVB—the abbreviation stands for digital video broad- Of the many fascinating areas of technology for which casting and readers may be tempted to think that the DVB has developed solutions the following will be described technologies developed by the International DVB Project in specific papers of this issue: DVB-T—the solution for are broadcast related. This is right and wrong at the same terrestrial broadcasting [3], DVB-H, a system delivering all time. Whereas in phase 1 of its existence DVB concentrated sorts of content to battery-powered devices [4]; DVB-S2, the on the development of technical specifications relevant next generation satellite system [5]; DVB-IP, a solution for for the more traditional broadcasting of audio and video the carriage of broadcast content over broad-band IP net- services over satellite, in cable networks and via terrestrial works [6] and the MHP [7]. transmitters, in the later phases DVB addressed areas which lie outside of the classical broadcast world [1]. The history II. FIELDS OF APPLICATION OF DVB TECHNOLOGIES One of the most important rules of DVB is that the tech- nical work is to be commercially driven by the requirements Manuscript received January 25, 2005; revised July 18, 2005. of the member organizations. In consequence, the fields of The author is with the Institut fuer Nachrichtentechnik (Institute for Com- application of DVB technology developed significantly over munications Technology), Technische Universitaet Braunschweig (Braun- schweig Technical University), Braunschweig D-38092, Germany (e-mail: time. So did the goals which DVB tried to achieve. The goals [email protected]). existing during the very first exploratory activities in 1991 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JPROC.2005.861004 and 1992 could be described by the following expectations. 0018-9219/$20.00 © 2006 IEEE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 94, NO. 1, JANUARY 2006 173 1) Digital television will enable the transmission of very Table 1 high-quality HDTV images, possibly even via terrestrial DVB Deliverables by Field of Application broadcasting networks. 2) DVB might enable the broadcasting of programs at standard-definition television (SDTV) quality using narrow-band channels, and it will enable an increase of the number of programs offered within existing transmission channel allocations. 3) DVB might be used to broadcast content to low-cost pocket TV receivers, equipped with built-in receiving antennas or short rod antennas guaranteeing stable re- ception for a number of television programs. 4) Television receivers in vehicles (trains, buses, or cars) might be served by DVB with broadcasts of a high quality, i.e., DVB might enable stable reception in moving vehicles even over difficult radio channels and at high speeds. 5) Moreover, as a data transmission technique, DVB will retain the typical characteristics of digital technology, such as the stability of the reception within a very clearly defined coverage area, the possibility of simple distribution over telecommunications networks as one service among many. 7) DVB-T will offer the possibility to address receivers in When the exploratory phase had ended it turned out that all kinds of environments from the classical TV sets in satellite broadcasters had been the first to understand the the living room via portable devices in ones shirt pocket promises of DVB technology for their future businesses and to TV receivers built into vehicles. therefore requested that DVB provide publicly available 8) Furthermore, as a data transmission technique, DVB specifications for all components of the transmission chain will incorporate typical characteristics for the utiliza- from source coding of audio and video to the interfaces of tion of digital technology, such as the stability of the a receiver in the home. An area that they did not want to reception within a clearly defined coverage area, the be specified by a publicly available document were certain possibility of simple distribution over telecommuni- elements of conditional access systems. In the middle of the cations networks, as one service among many others, 1990s more and more DVB members representing various and the possible integration into the world of personal parts of the business chain in a multitude of countries around computers. the globe had started to formulate their requirements, and In 2000 DVB reconsidered its goals and defined the vi- the list of goals which DVB was to achieve could at that sion for the following years as follows: “DVB’s vision is to time be described by the following expectations. build a content environment that combines the stability and 1) DVB will enable a multiplication of the number of interoperability of the world of broadcast with the vigor, in- television programs which can be broadcast in one novation, and multiplicity of services of the world of the In- transmission channel—irrespective of whether the ternet.” Since that time various new technical solutions were transmission will be over satellite, on cable networks developed upon request of the member organizations. In con- or via terrestrial transmitters. sequence the list of DVB deliverables reflect the zeitgeist 2) DVB will support the broadcasting of radio programs to some extent. Table 1 lists these deliverables by field of and will enable data transmission for entertainment and application. business purposes. 3) DVB will make possible a flexible choice of image and III. BASEBAND PROCESSING audio quality, including the choice of HDTV. One of the fundamental decisions which was taken during 4) For use in connection with pay services a secure the early days of DVB was the selection of MPEG-1/2 for scrambling method will be specified by DVB which the source coding of audio and video and for the creation will ensure that unauthorised access to such services is of program elementary streams, transport streams, etc.—the extremely difficult, if not impossible. so-called systems level. The international standard ISO 5) DVB standards for interaction channels between the 13 818 consists of multiple parts three of which describe viewer and the network operator or content provider MPEG-2 systems, video, and audio, respectively. All three will enable full interactive services to be introduced. are truly generic and can be considered too wide in scope 6) DVB will provide an open and interoperable software for them to be applied to DVB directly. Therefore, [8] was platform for enhanced services like enhanced broad- created by the DVB Project. This “guidelines document” casting, interactive broadcasting or even full Internet ac- includes restrictions to the syntax and parameter values cess from a TV receiver. described by MPEG-2 as well as recommendations for 174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 94, NO. 1, JANUARY 2006 preferred values for the use in DVB applications. The com- generic means for the delivery of all VBI data, e.g., to en- plexity of what has been achieved is nicely reflected by the able the control of video recorders or the signaling of wide fact that integrated receiver decoders (IRDs) are classified screen programs. in five dimensions as follows. In many countries it is customary to broadcast TV •“25 Hz” or “30 Hz,” depending on whether the nominal programs with the original soundtrack and to provide a video frame rates based on 25 Hz or 30 000/1001 Hz translation into the local language in the form of subtitles.