LIBERAL STATEBUILDING INTERVENTIONS AND THE MONOPOLY ON VIOLENCE A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science by Benjamin Brast Submission: 26.01.2015 Defense: 04.09.2015 Klaus Schlichte Peter Mayer Christoph Zürcher Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences i Liberal Statebuilding Interventions and the Monopoly on Violence Benjamin Brast ii Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables...................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ vi 1. Introduction: Violence, the State and Statebuilding ........................................................................ 1 1.1. Context and Research Question ............................................................................................. 1 1.2. The Argument ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Methods and Case Selection ................................................................................................ 10 1.4. Organization of the Dissertation .......................................................................................... 17 2. Regulating Violence: An Institutionalist Theory .......................................................................... 19 2.1. Politics, Society and Violence ............................................................................................. 20 2.2. Regulating Large-Scale Violence......................................................................................... 28 2.3. Regulating Small-Scale Violence......................................................................................... 37 2.4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 49 3. Liberal Statebuilding Interventions and the Regulation of Violence............................................... 51 3.1. Statebuilding Intervention and Large-Scale Violence ............................................................ 53 3.2. Statebuilding Intervention and Small-Scale Violence ............................................................ 64 3.3. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 76 4. Afghanistan............................................................................................................................... 80 4.1. State Formation and Civil War in Afghanistan...................................................................... 83 4.2. Statebuilding Intervention and Large-Scale Violence Regulation ........................................... 90 4.3. Statebuilding Intervention and Small-Scale Violence Regulation ......................................... 110 4.4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 130 5. Sierra Leone ............................................................................................................................ 133 5.1. State Formation and Civil War in Sierra Leone................................................................... 136 5.2. Statebuilding Intervention and Large-Scale Violence Regulation ......................................... 144 5.3. Statebuilding Intervention and Small-Scale Violence Regulation ......................................... 163 5.4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 177 6. Bosnia-Herzegovina ................................................................................................................ 180 6.1. State Formation and Civil War in Bosnia and Herzegovina ................................................. 183 6.2. Statebuilding Intervention and Large-Scale Violence Regulation ......................................... 189 6.3. Statebuilding Intervention and Small-Scale Violence Regulation ......................................... 205 6.4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 218 7. Conclusion: What Future for Statebuilding and State Formation?................................................ 220 8. Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 235 Statement of Originality .................................................................................................................. 255 iii List of Figures Figure 1: Battle-related deaths, Uppsala Conflict Data Set (UCDP 2014a). ........................................... 14 Figure 2: Tax revenues as percentage of GDP ten years after the onset of statebuilding intervention (WorldBank 2014). ........................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 3: Monopoly on violence in Sri Lanka and Syria. ...................................................................... 32 Figure 4: Regional cooperation mechanism. ........................................................................................ 61 Figure 5: Regional competition mechanism......................................................................................... 62 Figure 6: The weak state legacies mechanism...................................................................................... 72 Figure 7: The strong state legacies mechanism. ................................................................................... 74 Figure 8: Regional competition mechanism......................................................................................... 92 Figure 9: Map of Afghanistan and its neighbors {Google, 2014 #759}. ................................................. 94 Figure 10: Number of Afghan National Security Forces, Afghan Local Police and ISAF troops. .......... 106 Figure 11: Afghan government finances (WorldBank 2014). .............................................................. 107 Figure 12: Weak state legacies mechanism. ...................................................................................... 112 Figure 13: Answers to the question “Who did you report the crime to?”. Figure reproduced from Afghan Survey 2013, The Asia Foundation (AsiaFoundation 2013: 35). ......................................................... 128 Figure 14: Question on attitude towards the ANP in 2013, item from Northeast Afghanistan Longitudinal Study (Boehnke et al. forthcoming). ................................................................................................. 129 Figure 15: Question on attitude towards the ANP, item from Northeast Afghanistan Longitudinal Study (Boehnke et al. forthcoming)............................................................................................................ 130 Figure 16: Regional Cooperation Mechanism. ................................................................................... 146 Figure 17: Map of Sierra Leone and the wider West African region (Google 2014). ............................ 149 Figure 18: Military expenditures of the Sierra Leonean state (WorldBank 2014). ................................ 160 Figure 19: Official development assistance for Sierra Leone in relation to government expenses (WorldBank 2014). ......................................................................................................................... 161 Figure 20: Weak State Legacy Mechanism. ...................................................................................... 164 Figure 21: Demand for institutions of small-scale violence regulation in Sierra Leone (Afrobarometer 2013).............................................................................................................................................. 177 Figure 22: Regional cooperation mechanism. .................................................................................... 191 Figure 23: Map of the Western Balkans and its European neighborhood (Google 2014). ...................... 193 Figure 24: Strong State Legacy Mechanism. ..................................................................................... 207 iv List of Tables Table 1: Complete list of liberal statebuilding interventions. .................................................................. 5 Table 2: Actors, resources, strategies and outcomes of statebuilding interventions. ................................ 15 Table 3: Statebuilding intervention and measures of small-scale violence monopolization. .................... 17 Table 4: “Monopoly on Violence” score of 129 countries in transition (BTI 2014a). .............................. 25 Table 5: Actors of large-scale and small-scale violence regulation. ....................................................... 27 Table 6: Institutions of large-scale and small-scale violence regulation. ................................................ 27 Table 7: Typology of possible statebuilding outcomes. ........................................................................ 77 v Acknowledgements