History of Hurricanes and Floods in Jamaica Between the beginning of the hurricane season in June until the end of the season in November, an average of ten (10) tropical storms are formed, some of which develop into hurricanes. Therefore, countries within the hurricane zone, including Jamaica have been subject to the effects of this destructive force. The records of the Meteorological Service of Jamaica show that hurricanes are a recurring threat to Jamaica and the heavy winds and rains associated with these natural disasters have often left Jamaica with lingering effects like flooding and landslides. The earliest reference to a hurricane in Jamaica dates back to 1559, when a hurricane caused severe damage to the island’s infrastructure. Highlighted below are some hurricanes/tropical storms that have affected Jamaica since the 18th century. 18th century 1722 August 28 - The Jamaica Weather Report of 1915, reported that the entire island was damaged due to the hurricane of 1722 - The eye of the storm passed over Port Royal, causing serious damage and the water in Port Royal rose 16 feet above its usual level - Most of the buildings in Kingston were either damaged or completely destroyed - About 5% of the town was in ruins and plantations all over the island were severely destroyed - Of the 50 vessels that were in the port, only 4 military personnel within those vessels, were spared - Approximately 400 lives were lost 1726 October 22 - Hurricane affected the east end of the island - Historian Edward Long (146) stated that several houses in Kingston, Spanish Town and Port Royal had been blown down - 50 vessels had either sunk or been wrecked 1744 October 20 - Described in Long (146) as a “great hurricane” which damaged the whole island - 104 ships wrecked in harbor - A new fort at Mosquito Point (now Fort Augusta) was entirely destroyed - All wharves at Port Royal, Kingston, Passage Fort and Old Harbour were destroyed and most of the goods at these wharves being swept away by flood rains - After the passing of the hurricane, disease broke out resulting in the loss of more lives 1780 October 3 - Southern Jamaica worst affected - High waves destroyed houses along the south coast - William Beckford (1790) reported that during this hurricane the entire island was affected but the town of Savanna-la-Mar in Westmoreland was destroyed and south-western Jamaica was hardest hit - An earthquake followed the passing of this hurricane 1786 October 20 - There was a storm followed by a great scarcity of food - Due to the succession of hurricanes and fires, a law was passed entitled “An Act for the Further Raising and Establishing the Credit of this Island, and for Preventing Vexatious Suits at Law,” 1788 19th century 1812 October 12-14 - The Jamaica Physical Journal (1835) states that the entire island was affected by a large cyclone - In Kingston and Savanna-la-mar many houses and fences were blown down - Boats and other vessels were either destroyed or driven ashore - The hurricane of 1812 was accompanied by a severe earthquake 1813 August 1 - Shipping ports in Kingston were greatly affected by the storm - Buildings were also damaged in Kingston (Jamaica Courant, Aug. 2-9, 1813 and Edwards, 1793) 1813 August 28 - Savanna-la-mar was badly affected - Storm resulted in the wreckage of several vessels in Savanna-la-mar 1815 October 18-19 - According to the Jamaica Physical Journal (1835) and the Weather Report no. 352, (1908), the eastern section of the island was affected - Heavy rains in eastern Jamaica led to much flooding - There was great destruction of houses in St. George and St. David 1874 September 1 - Kingston, St. Andrew, St. Ann and St. Mary worst hit - The Daily Gleaner and Daily News reported (November 1874) that many houses, churches and other buildings sustained real damage. Iron bridges became twisted under the pressure of the heavy winds and whole villages with mud cottages were washed away - Yams, sugar canes, plantain vegetations were destroyed throughout island - More than 24 vessels had either sunk, been grounded or suffered serious damage - 5 persons were killed - Damage estimated at £75,000 1880 August 18 - Described as “great hurricane” in the Jamaica Weather Report no. 449, (1915) - Two cyclones were said to have damaged the eastern side of the island - Due to flooding, 5 persons drowned and 25 perished among fallen houses - There was damage to crops, wharves and shipping areas in Kingston 1886 June 27 & August 19-20 - The first storm affected eastern Jamaica - The second hurricane to pass on the 19th and 20th was a direct hit to Jamaica and the centre passed from eastern Jamaica to Montego Bay (Jamaica Weather Report no. 67 and 69) 20th century 1903 August 11 - Cyclone damaged north side and other areas of the island - There were 65 reported deaths and damages assessed at £125,000 - £50,000 spent in relief loans. Trinidad contributed £1,000 Ebenezer Wesleyan Church in Morant Bay, after hurricane in 1903 (National Library of Jamaica Photo collection) 1904 June 13 - Storm resulted in heavy rains over the western end of the island - Montego Bay bridge was destroyed due to flooding and winds (Weather Report vol. iv- Introduction) 1912 November 10-18 - The Jamaica Weather Report for the month of November, 1912 no. 411 (pages 1-3) states that due to a cyclone, heavy rains fell over the north-eastern part of the island in St. Thomas, Portland, St. Andrew, and St. Mary on the 10th, 11th and 12th of November 1912 - On the 14th of November, a cablegram was received stating that there was a second depression located south-west of Kingston - By the 18th of November, both cyclones had produced a hurricane and resulted in a “furious” hurricane which created severe weather conditions in Montego Bay and Kempshot in St. James - North-west side of island was worst affected and there was severe flooding - A total of 100 persons died with 42 of that number being from Montego Bay - There was a tidal wave in Savanna-la-Mar that did great damage. Lucea and Green Island were considerably damaged - No estimate of total damages found but separate estimates for items such as houses, schools etc. can be found in the Minutes of the Honourable Legislative Council, 17 Dec. 1912 1915 August 12-13 - “Report on the Hurricane of August 12th and 13th” (1915) no. 446 p. 2-4 stated that the centre of the hurricane passed over Buff Bay in St. Mary. In Port Maria between 250 and 3oo persons were rendered homeless. The Town Hall and Court House had to be resorted to for shelter - Much damage was done to wharves in St. Mary - Considerable damage was done to Oracabessa and Ocho Rios and the wharves and wharf houses were damaged in St. Ann’s Bay and Falmouth - Houses on the sea coast were either destroyed or lifted up and carried away - The most severe damage with regards to roads was to those along the sea coast - About 200 yards of the railway track outside of Buff Bay was completely destroyed - All towns on the northern coast were destroyed - Total of 11 deaths - 80-90% of banana crops were lost and the total spent on repair of damages was £57,692 (Minutes of the Honourable Legislative Council) 1915 September 24-25 - Heavy rains, winds and thunderstorms were experienced at Kempshot, Montego Bay, Lucea and Negril - The centre of the storm was located south of Jamaica - Banana fields were greatly damaged - Rio Minho and Thomas River in Clarendon became full resulting in flooding - There was also a severe thunderstorm in Clarendon that lasted for 3 hours - There was some loss of life due to flooding (Weather Report no. 447 September 1915) p.5-6 1916 August 15- 16 - South Coast worst hit - Death toll was 17 and thousands were left homeless - There was much damage to banana, cocoa and coconut trees. Banana crops were totally destroyed all over the island - Government devoted £21,000 for relief works(Jamaica Weather Report no. 460 p.1) 1917 September 23 - Great damage to the northern part of Jamaica - 57 persons died, thousands injured and homeless - Many communities were destroyed and the eye of the hurricane was said to have passed between Kingston and Port Antonio - The system had two small centres and these passed along the entire length of the island (Jamaica Weather Report no. 474: Hurricane of September 23rd 1917, p. 1) 1932 November 8 - Government meteorologist J.F. Brennan (5-6) reported that banana crops were 70% destroyed - The northern side of the island where the banana cultivation was most extensive suffered significant loss due to continuous winds and waves - High waves also caused serious damage to piers and wharf buildings near to the sea front at Montego Bay, Morant Bay, Savanna- la- mar, Port Antonio among others - Mains roads, especially those along the sea front, were heavily damaged and repair cost was estimated at £50,000 - There was no report of loss of life(J.F. Brennan in Jamaica Weather Report, November 1932) 1933 October 28-30 - Western parishes – St. Elizabeth, Westmoreland, Hanover and St. James worst affected. Districts in these parishes became flooded due to heavy rainfall - 10 persons died- six from Southfield in St. Elizabeth and three seamen who drowned after the vessel A.H.S. sank near Black River - Total cost of repairs to the Rio Cobre irrigation system and other damages to buildings, infrastructure and roads as a result of hurricane and floods - £680,336 - The St. Mary’s church and Rectory in St. Elizabeth were among buildings badly damaged and a large percentage of small habitations of the peasantry at Southfield were swept away and thousands were left homeless - In areas near the storm’s centre banana losses were reported as 100% (A report on the Hurricane of Western Jamaica, October 29th, 1933 by J.F Brennan 1934 no.