Making The Connection HOW INTERNET ACCESS COULD HELP LIFT WOMEN AND GIRLS OUT OF POVERTY. Acknowledgements This report was written by Yvonne Ryan, David McNair, Sara Harcourt, Ben Jourdan, Ruba Ishak and Yesl Kang. It also benefitted from comments and input from ONE colleagues including Eloise Todd, Jamie Drummond, Roxane Philson, Sophie Lucas, Sophie Taylor, Theo Chiviru, David Cole, Stephanie Walstrom, Kate Critchley, Chris Mitchell, Emily Huie and Peter Simpson. It was designed by Arnelle Woker. Thank you to John Garrity at USAID; Constance Bommelaer, Lia Kiessling, Joyce Dogniez and Carl Gahnberg at Internet Society; Alex Wong and Eric White at the World Economic Forum; Doreen Bogdan, Paul Conneally, Phillippa Biggs, Gary Fowlie, Mario Castro Grande, Anna Polomska and Susan Teltscher at the International Telecoms Union; Anne Jellema, Sonia Jorge, Nanjira Sambuli, Craig Fagan and Dillon Mann at the World Wide Web Foundation; Elliot Schrage, Sarah Wynn-Williams, Nate Mordo, Kofi Amoo-Gottfried, Flavia Alves and Robert Pepper at Facebook; Anne Patterson, Elizabeth Holland and Jane Jamieson at the Digital Opportunity Trust; David Belson at Akamai; Konstantinos Karachalios at IEEE; Tomoyuki Naito at Japan International Cooperation Agency; Christopher S. Yoo at University of Pennsylvania Law School; Marie-Claude Guay at Tata Communications and Martina Roth and Ferruh Gurtas at Intel. 1 Why Internet Access Matters In less than a generation the to increase their incomes by an harder and have fewer opportunities Internet has revolutionised the average of 13% by using Internet- than men, and access to the internet lives of billions of people with enabled mobile phones to better is no different. Women living in LDCs unprecedented speed. It has manage their supply chains.3 are 31% less likely than their male changed the way we communicate, counterparts to be connected.8 work, learn and engage with the There are significant economic world around us. It has also become benefits to improving Internet With so much at stake the a vital force for empowerment. access. According to a 2009 study United Nations (UN), as part of Thanks to the Internet some of the by the World Bank, a 10% increase its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable world’s poorest and most vulnerable in high-speed Internet connections Development and the Sustainable people, especially women and can increase gross domestic Development Goals (SDGs), set girls, can access networks that product (GDP) per capita by 1.3% on a target to provide universal and can help them communicate, average for developing countries.4 affordable Internet access in LDCs set up businesses, and access Some 70% of small business owners by 2020 (9c). But this target is not financial and government services. surveyed in developing countries on track. Today, 737 million people The Internet helps them and their expect to hire more people as a in LDCs are still unconnected. ONE families lead healthier, safer and result of using the Internet.5 estimates that if current trends more prosperous lives. continue, by 2020 the gender gap But this digital utopia is not available in LDCs will have grown leaving over Accessing the Internet using mobile to everyone. More than half of the 75% of women still unconnected technology, in particular, is proving world (53%) is still unconnected and to the Internet compared to 63% of to be effective in areas where where someone lives makes a huge men – that is far from equal access. connectivity infrastructure is limited difference to whether they can take ONE estimates that this gap will at best. Using the Internet, health advantage of the Internet’s potential. mean that 350 million women and workers have been able to track Almost 75% of Africa’s population is girls will be left behind in this effort patients with the Ebola disease to offline.6 And almost 85% of people to connect everyone by 2020.9 reduce the risk of spreading the virus living in least developed countries in West Africa.1 Using Internet-based (LDCs) are offline compared with training tools, non-governmental 19% of people living in developed organisations (NGOs) helped upskill countries.7 4,500 nurses in a ninth of the time needed using previous methods, Whether someone is male or female reducing costs dramatically.2 matters too. Poverty is sexist – in so Farmers in Kenya have been able many ways, girls and women are hit 2 In this report, ONE calls for an This report outlines the challenges target. If not, we will miss a golden action plan to connect those girls and women face in accessing opportunity to help millions of 350 million women and girls in the Internet and proposes policy people lift themselves out of the least developed countries recommendations to close the poverty and ensure they are not left by 2020. Doing so would have gap, particularly in LDCs. If national behind in the global transition to a significant benefits for everyone. governments, donor governments, digital economy especially women civil society and the private sector and girls.10 pull together, we can meet this This report makes 4 recommendations: 1 INVEST IN A DIGITAL SKILLS REVOLUTION To ensure that women and girls have the skills to use the Internet effectively 2 BREAK DOWN BARRIERS TO ACCESSING THE INTERNET To make sure that women and girls have relevant content and can overcome cultural barriers that stop them accessing the Internet 3 INVEST IN OPEN DATA ON CONNECTIVITY To count the unconnected and track commitments to connect them 4 BUILD INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE DIGITAL FUTURE To ensure affordable access for the world’s most marginalised people • 85% of people living in LDCs are offline compared with 19% of people living in developed countries.11 • Women living in LDCs are 31% less likely than men to be connected.12 • By 2015, 85% of people in the poorest countries lived in areas covered by a 2G mobile network but that is barely sufficient for using the web.13 • Netflix subscribers use more data in a day than the entire population of Africa uses in almost a week* Note: *See appendix two for methodology 3 Closing the Connectivity Gap The connectivity gap becomes a to get online. A World Wide Web languages of the web are English chasm when it comes to being poor Foundation study found that women and Chinese, and Africa’s many and female. Women in the poorest in poor urban areas, described as and diverse languages are vastly countries are almost a third less “offline and silent,” were half as likely underrepresented online. As a result, likely to have access to the Internet to use the Internet as men, half as women and girls may not be aware than men, and the gap increased by likely to voice their opinions online, of valuable online services and 2% between 2013 and 2016. Analysis and a third less likely to use the information that can help them and by ONE suggests that, given current Internet to find work.14 their families. Women and girls also trends of Internet penetration, over say they do not know how to use 71% of Africa’s girls and women will Women and girls don’t go online the Internet or perceive that it is of still not be online by 2020, pushing for myriad reasons, many of which little use or relevance, suggesting the connectivity gap between men reflect existing gender disparities. that more thought must be given to and women to over 26%. Affordability is a significant barrier. locally relevant content and apps Unconnected women in developing to ensure digital tools help in a Not being able to access the internet countries often cite high costs as woman’s daily life. disadvantages not just women, but a major reason why they are not their families, communities and using the Internet.15 Despite falling Cultural barriers are also significant countries. If we don’t take action broadband prices in the poorest deterrents. Girls are expected to to close the gender connectivity countries, the high number of people perform disproportionate household gap now, the next generation of who live in absolute or extreme chores that stop them from women in LDCs will also miss out poverty means that a basic mobile having free time to learn to use on the many potential opportunities broadband plan can cost around the computer. In some cultures, for empowerment, education and 15% of average income and up to gender relations mean the husband inclusion offered by the Internet. 30% for a computer based fixed often controls the phone, and some line connection.16 Given gender women do not want to appear The Internet can be a vital tool for pay disparities around the world, smart or “techy”.18 Some women fighting poverty but the lack of obtaining basic Internet is a higher can only access the Internet in access in Africa and particularly financial burden for women: in sub- cyber cafes where they can face in LDCs significantly limits the Saharan Africa, for example, women sexual harassment and intimidation opportunity for women and girls earn on average 48% less than – and that harassment may also there to share in this bounty. Even men.17 happen online. In fact a major study where there is access to the Internet, highlighted security and harassment whether through fixed broadband or Other obstacles include the lack emerged as one of the top five mobile, many women are reluctant of relevant content – the dominant barriers to mobile phone ownership 19 and use for women. 4 While there are many and varied the heart of getting women and girls and their children, expand and grow reasons for women and girls’ online – and out of poverty.