REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS references to The Works of Francis Bacon are to the edition by James Spedding, Robert L. Ellis, and Douglas D. Heath, which was published in the United States in fifteen volumes (Cambridge, Mass., 1863). The previous English edition of Bacon's Works by the same editors was published in seven volumes (London, 1857-61). Because there are great differences between the volume and page numbers of Bacon's writings in these two separate editions, I have done my best to make my references as specific as possible in order to facilitate the location of quotations and citations by readers who use the English edition. In all of the references to the Works, I give not only the vol- ume and page numbers but also, in contrast to the practice of many authors on Bacon, the title of the particular work cited. For several of his writings, I give the book and chapter numbers as well, and in the case of The New Organon, the number of the aphorism in lowercase Roman numerals. THE following abbreviations are used: AL Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning DA Francis Bacon, De Dignitate et Augmentis Scientiarum; used also for the English translation, Of the Dignity and Advancement of Learning DNB The Dictionary of National Biography, ed. Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, 22 vols. (Oxford University Press, 1964-65) Farrington Benjamin Farrington, The Philosophy of Francis Bacon (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1964) LL James Spedding, The Letters and Life of Francis Bacon, Including All His Occasional Works, 7 vols. (London, 1890) REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS NO Francis Bacon, The New Organon Works The Works of Francis Bacon.