LIVES IN EDUCATION John Scales Avery May 22, 2020 INTRODUCTION1 Human history as cultural history We need to reform our teaching of history so that the emphasis will be placed on the gradual growth of human culture and knowledge, a growth to which all nations and ethnic groups have contributed. This book is part of a series on cultural history. Here is a list of the other books in the series that have, until now, been completed: Lives in Poetry • Lives in Painting • Lives in Engineering • Lives in Astronomy • Lives in Chemistry • Lives in Medicine • Lives in Ecology • Lives in Physics • Lives in Economics • Lives in the Peace Movement • The pdf files of these books may be freely downloaded and circulated from the following web addresses: http://eacpe.org/about-john-scales-avery/ https://wsimag.com/authors/716-john-scales-avery The long human childhood When a baby antelope is born, it staggers unsteadily to its feet, but after a few minutes it is able to follow its mother and the herd. Contrast this with the complete helplessness of a human baby! As our society becomes more and more complex and knowledge-based, the period of dependency of young humans has become almost absurdly long. In medicine and the sciences, 1This book makes use of chapters and articles that I have previously written, but most of the material is new many years of postgraduate training are required, and often young people are in their early thirties before they are fully qualified. But education is an investment that gives dividends. The life of a “knowl- edge worker” is extremely interesting and rewarding. Knowledge-based economies Economic activity is usually divided into two categories, 1) production of goods and 2) provision of services. It is the rate of production of goods that will be limited by the carrying capacity of the global environment. Services that have no environmental impact will not be constrained in this way. Thus a smooth transition to a sustainable economy will involve a shift of a large fraction the work force from the production of goods to the provision of services. Within the service sector, many jobs involve a high degree of education. “Knowledge workers”, for example computer programmers, physicians, phar- macists, architects, engineers, scientists, design thinkers, public accountants, lawyers, and academics, are those whose personal capital consists of a high degree of education. They think for a living; and their activities have very small ecological footprints. In his recent popular book The Rise of the Creative Class, the economist Richard Florida points out that in a number of prosperous cities - for example Stockholm - a large fraction of the population is already engaged in what might be called creative work - a type of work that uses few resources, and produces few waste products - work which develops knowledge and culture rather than producing material goods. For example, producing computer software requires few resources and results in few waste products. Thus it is an activity with a very small ecological footprint. Similarly, education, research, music, literature and art are all activities that do not weigh heavily on the carrying capacity of the global environment. Florida sees this as a pattern for the future, and maintains that everyone is capable of creativity. He visualizes the transition to a sustainable future economy as one in which a large fraction of the work force moves from industrial jobs to information- related work. Culture, education and human solidarity Since culture and knowledge are shared among all nations, work in culture and education leads societies naturally towards internationalism and peace. Economies based on a high level of consumption of material goods are unsustainable and will have to be abandoned by a future world that renounces the use of fossil fuels in order to avoid catastrophic climate change, a world where non-renewable resources such as metals will become increasingly rare and expensive. How then can full employment be maintained? The creation of renewable energy infrastructure will provide work for a large number of people; but in addition, sustainable economies of the future will need to shift many workers from jobs in industry to jobs in the service sector. Within the service sector, jobs in culture and education are particularly valuable because they will help to avoid the disastrous wars that are cur- rently producing enormous human suffering and millions of refugees, wars that threaten to escalate into an all-destroying global thermonuclear war. Human nature has two sides: It has a dark side, to which nationalism and militarism appeal; but our species also has a genius for cooperation, which we can see in the growth of culture. Our modern civilization has been built up by means of a worldwide ex- change of ideas and inventions. It is built on the achievements of many ancient cultures. In the teaching of history, our common global culture, the music, science, literature and art that all of us share, should be presented as a precious heritage far too precious to be risked in a thermonuclear war. We have to extend our loyalty to the whole of the human race, and to work for a world not only free from nuclear weapons, but free from war. A war-free world is not utopian but very practical, and not only practical but necessary. It is something that we can achieve and must achieve. Today there are large regions, such as the European Union, where war would be inconceivable. What is needed is to extend these. Nor is a truly sustainable economic system utopian or impossible. To achieve it, we should begin by shifting jobs to the creation of renewable energy infrastructure, and to the fields of culture and education. By so doing we will support human solidarity and avoid the twin disasters of catastrophic war and climate change. Contents 1 THE ACADEMIES OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLE 9 1.1 The Minoans . .9 1.2 The Mycenaean civilization . 10 1.3 Thales of Miletus . 12 1.4 Pythagoras . 13 1.5 Pythagorean harmony . 16 1.6 The Pythagorean ideal . 18 1.7 The golden age of Athens . 19 1.8 Anaxagoras . 20 1.9 The atomists . 21 1.10 Hippocrates . 24 1.11 The Sophists and Socrates . 26 1.12 Plato . 27 1.13 Aristotle . 28 2 THE MUSEUM AND THE GREAT LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA 33 2.1 Alexander of Macedon . 33 2.2 Alexandria . 35 2.3 Euclid . 36 2.4 Eratosthenes . 38 2.5 Aristarchus . 42 2.6 Archimedes . 43 2.7 Roman engineering . 50 3 CHINESE CIVIL SERVICE AND SCHOLAR-GENTRY FAMILIES 57 3.1 The high level of Chinese civilization . 57 3.2 Printing . 60 3.3 Civil service examinations and the scholar-gentry . 64 4 EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDIA 71 4.1 Early civilization in India . 71 4.2 Medicine in ancient India . 72 4.3 Mathematics in ancient India . 73 5 6 CONTENTS 4.4 Manufacturing . 73 4.5 The Vedic period, (1500 BC - 500 BC) . 76 4.6 Buddhist period (500 BC - 1200 AD) . 76 5 EDUCATION IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD 81 5.1 The Nestorians and Islam . 81 5.2 Outstanding Islamic contributions to civilization . 82 5.3 East-West exchanges in Toledo . 88 6 EUROPE'S OLDEST UNIVERSITIES 93 6.1 University of Bologna, Italy, 1088 . 93 6.2 University of Paris, 1150 . 94 6.3 Oxford University, England, 1096-1167 . 97 6.4 University of Cambridge, England, 1209 . 99 6.5 University of Coimbra, Portugal, 1290 . 103 6.6 University of Valadolid, Spain, 1293 . 106 6.7 Charles University, Prague, 1348 . 108 6.8 Jagalonian University, Poland, 1364 . 109 6.9 University of Vienna, Austria, 1365 . 113 6.10 Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Germany, 1386 . 117 6.11 University of Basel, Switzerland, 1460 . 119 6.12 University of Uppsala, Sweden, 1477 . 122 6.13 University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 1479 . 124 7 WOMEN'S EDUCATION 131 7.1 Woman's rights and population stabilization . 131 7.2 Educational equality for women . 134 7.3 Malala Yousafzai . 137 8 THE BATTLE AGAINST ILLITERACY 147 8.1 The invention of writing . 147 8.2 The invention of paper . 151 8.3 Illiteracy today . 156 8.4 UNESCO . 159 8.5 The 2000-2015 Education For All Report . 163 9 MASS MEDIA AND EDUCATION 167 9.1 Benefits of equality . 167 9.2 Extreme inequality today . 170 9.3 Oligarchy replaces democracy in many countries . 170 9.4 Media in the service of powerholders . 173 9.5 Television as a part of our educational system . 173 9.6 Neglect of climate change in the mass media . 175 CONTENTS 7 9.7 Climate change denial in mass media . 176 9.8 Showing unsustainable lifestyles in mass media . 179 9.9 Alternative media . 179 9.10 Outstanding voices calling for climate action . 180 9.11 A culture of violence . 193 10 MISUSE OF EDUCATION 209 10.1 Abuse of apprenticeships . 209 10.2 Child labor and slavery . 212 10.3 Literary protests against child labor . 223 10.4 Training of soldiers . 232 10.5 Hitler Youth . 233 10.6 Cults . 235 11 EDUCATION AND THE INTERNET 243 11.1 The first computers . 243 11.2 Electronic digital computers . 250 11.3 Cybernetics . 252 11.4 Microelectronics . 255 11.5 The history of the Internet and World Wide Web . 257 11.6 Self-reinforcing information accumulation . 259 11.7 The history of Wikipedia . 260 11.8 The history of Google . 263 12 PEACE EDUCATION 271 12.1 Traditional school systems aim at indoctrination in nationalism . 271 12.2 The urgent need for peace education . ..