REPORT Future System Inertia 2 PARTICIPANTS Erik Ørum Energinet.dk Liisa Haarla Fingrid Mikko Kuivaniemi Fingrid Minna Laasonen Fingrid Anders Jerkø Statnett Inge Stenkløv Statnett Fredrik Wik Svenska kraftnät Katherine Elkington Svenska kraftnät Robert Eriksson Svenska kraftnät Niklas Modig Svenska kraftnät Pieter Schavemaker E-Bridge Consulting B.V. (PM) ENTSO-E AISBL • Avenue Cortenbergh 100 • 1000 Brussels • Belgium • Tel +32 2 741 09 50 • Fax +32 2 741 09 51 • [email protected] • www.entsoe.eu European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Contents FUTURE SYSTEM INERTIA 2 ........................................................................................................1 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................7 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.3 NEXT STEPS ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 11 2.1 SCOPE FOR THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 OUTLINE ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 3. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 15 3.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................. 15 3.1.1 INERTIA OF A SINGLE MACHINE ........................................................................................................................... 15 3.1.2 INERTIA OF A POWER SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................ 16 3.1.3 THE BEHAVIOUR OF FREQUENCY ......................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.4 SYNTHETIC INERTIA.......................................................................................................................................... 20 3.1.5 FREQUENCY RESPONSE INDICATORS .................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 STABILITY WITH RESPECT TO REGULATING STRENGTH............................................................................................... 24 3.2.1 THE CONTROL PERSPECTIVE ............................................................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 REDUCED REGULATING STRENGTH FOR KINETIC ENERGY BELOW 120 GWS .................................................................. 29 3.2.3 MAXIMUM CONTINUOUSLY-CONTROLLED REGULATING STRENGTH FOR FCR-D ............................................................ 30 3.3 SIMULATION MODEL TO ASSESS THE LOW-KINETIC ENERGY MITIGATION MEASURES ....................................................... 31 3.3.1 SIMULATION MODEL: DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.2 SIMULATION MODEL: TUNING OF THE PARAMETERS ................................................................................................ 33 3.3.3 SIMULATION MODEL: VALIDATION ...................................................................................................................... 39 4. EXPERIENCES IN OTHER SYNCHRONOUS AREAS ........................................................................... 42 4.1 SURVEY AND RESPONSES .................................................................................................................................. 42 4.1.1 THE SURVEY .................................................................................................................................................. 42 4.1.2 MAIN PROPERTIES OF THE SYSTEMS IN THE SURVEY ............................................................................................... 42 4.2 MAIN OBSERVATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 49 4.2.1 LOW INERTIA AS A CHALLENGE .......................................................................................................................... 49 4.2.2 PLANNING THE RESERVES FOR OPERATION ........................................................................................................... 50 4.2.3 INERTIA ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 50 4.2.4 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR LOW-INERTIA SITUATIONS ........................................................................................... 50 4.2.5 FREQUENCY AND FREQUENCY CHANGES ............................................................................................................... 52 5. FUTURE KINETIC ENERGY ESTIMATION ..................................................................................... 54 5.1 SCENARIO DEFINITION ..................................................................................................................................... 55 5.1.1 YEAR 2020 ................................................................................................................................................... 57 5.1.2 YEAR 2025 ................................................................................................................................................... 59 5.2 MARKET SIMULATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 61 5.3 KINETIC ENERGY ESTIMATION............................................................................................................................. 63 5.4 SIMULATION CHAIN BACK TESTING ...................................................................................................................... 65 5.5 KINETIC ENERGY ESTIMATIONS FOR THE YEARS 2020 AND 2025 ............................................................................... 68 5.5.1 ZOOM ON THE EXTREME HYDRO YEARS ................................................................................................................ 72 5.5.2 SENSITIVITY STUDIES OF THE SCENARIOS 2020 AND 2025 ....................................................................................... 75 5.5.3 MINIMUM KINETIC ENERGY STUDIES OF SCENARIOS 2020 AND 2025 ........................................................................ 77 Page 2 of 153 ENTSO-E AISBL • Avenue Cortenbergh 100 • 1000 Brussels • Belgium • Tel +32 2 741 09 50 • Fax +32 2 741 09 51 • [email protected] • www.entsoe.eu European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity 6. FAST-FREQUENCY RESERVES (FFR) AND SYNTHETIC INERTIA .......................................................... 83 6.1 SYNTHETIC INERTIA.......................................................................................................................................... 84 6.2 FAST-FREQUENCY RESERVES (FFR) ..................................................................................................................... 86 6.2.1 FFR ACTIVATION ............................................................................................................................................ 86 6.2.2 FFR CONTROL ................................................................................................................................................ 88 6.2.3 FFR DURATION .............................................................................................................................................. 91 6.2.4 FFR ACTIVATION TIME (DELAY) OPTIONS .............................................................................................................. 93 6.2.5 FFR OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................................................. 93 7. EMERGENCY POWER CONTROL (EPC) ..................................................................................... 94 7.1 CURRENT EPC SETTINGS .................................................................................................................................. 94 7.2 REDESIGN OF EPC SETTINGS ............................................................................................................................. 96 8. MITIGATION MEASURES TO HANDLE LOW KINETIC ENERGY SITUATIONS ............................................ 99 8.1 ROTATING MASS .......................................................................................................................................... 100 8.1.1 SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS .......................................................................................................................... 101 8.1.2