PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents SECTION 1: Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 1 SECTION 2: Resolutions of Adoption and Final FEMA Letter of Transmittal .................... 2 SECTION 3: Preface .................................................................................................................... 5 SECTION 4: Executive Summary ............................................................................................... 6 SECTION 5: Plan Authority and Purpose of the KBIC-HMP ................................................ 7 What is a Hazard? ............................................................................................................... 7 What is Mitigation?............................................................................................................. 8 SECTION 6: Community Profile ................................................................................................ 9 Population and Demographics .......................................................................................... 17 Employment and Industry ................................................................................................. 18 Housing, Infrastructure and Land Use .............................................................................. 20 Emergency Services, Law Enforcement, and Medical Facilities ..................................... 23 Cultural Resources ............................................................................................................ 24 Critical Facilities and Cultural Assets............................................................................... 26 Other Cultural Assets .................................................................................................. 26 SECTION 7: Planning Process .................................................................................................. 29 SECTION 8: Climate Change Considerations in Keweenaw Bay Indian Community ....... 32 Climate Change and the Great Lakes................................................................................ 32 Climate Change and Natural Hazards ............................................................................... 33 SECTION 9: Hazard Analysis ................................................................................................... 34 Study Area ........................................................................................................................ 34 Natural Hazards: Weather Hazards ................................................................................... 35 Extreme Temperatures ................................................................................................ 35 Fog .............................................................................................................................. 41 Hail .............................................................................................................................. 43 Ice and Sleet Storms.................................................................................................... 45 Lightning ..................................................................................................................... 48 Severe Winds .............................................................................................................. 50 Snowstorms and Blizzards .......................................................................................... 53 Tornadoes .................................................................................................................... 56 Hydrological Hazards ....................................................................................................... 61 Dam Failures ............................................................................................................... 62 Riverine and Urban Flooding...................................................................................... 66 Shoreline Flooding and Erosion.................................................................................. 73 Drought ....................................................................................................................... 76 Ecological Hazards ........................................................................................................... 78 Wildfires ..................................................................................................................... 78 Invasive Species .......................................................................................................... 81 Wildlife Health Hazards ............................................................................................. 87 Ecosystem Health Hazards ......................................................................................... 90 iii Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Hazard Mitigation Plan Geological Hazards ........................................................................................................... 93 Earthquakes ................................................................................................................. 93 Subsidence (Ground Collapse) ................................................................................... 94 Technological Hazards: Industrial Hazards ...................................................................... 96 Scrap Tire Fires ........................................................................................................... 97 Structural Fires ............................................................................................................ 98 Hazardous Materials: Fixed Site Incident ................................................................. 100 Hazardous Materials: Transportation Accident ........................................................ 102 Petroleum and Natural Gas Incidents ....................................................................... 104 Infrastructure Hazards ..................................................................................................... 105 Infrastructure Failures and Secondary Technological Hazards ................................ 106 Transportation Accidents .......................................................................................... 108 Human-Related Hazards ................................................................................................. 109 Civil Disturbances ..................................................................................................... 110 Public Health Emergencies ....................................................................................... 111 Sabotage and Terrorism ............................................................................................ 116 SECTION 10: Risk Assessment ............................................................................................... 119 Hazard Priority Risk Index and Ranking ........................................................................ 121 PRI Results................................................................................................................ 125 SECTION 11: Hazard Mitigation ........................................................................................... 129 Overview of Mitigation Strategy Development .............................................................. 129 Development of Mitigation Goals .................................................................................. 131 Capability Assessment .................................................................................................... 131 Mitigating Hazards in Keweenaw Bay Indian Community ............................................ 136 Mitigation Resources ...................................................................................................... 140 Updating the 2020 Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Hazard Mitigation Plan ........... 141 SECTION 12: Action Plan ....................................................................................................... 142 Appendix .................................................................................................................................... 157 Appendix A: KBIC Capability Assessment Appendix B: KBIC Governance Structure Appendix C: KBIC Critical Facilities and Cultural Assets Appendix D: Mitigation Funding and Resources Appendix E: KBIC Letter to Commit Match Appendix F: Public Participation Appendix G: Meeting Materials Appendix H: FEMA Document Review Appendix I: Plan Adoption iv Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Figures Figure 6.1: Age Groups of L’Anse Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Lands, 2014-2018 .. 18 Figure 9.1: NOAA’s National Weather Service Heat Index Chart ............................................... 36 Table of Maps Map 6.1: Wetlands in KBIC, Baraga County ............................................................................... 11 Map 6.2: Watersheds and Water Bodies in KBIC, Baraga County .............................................. 12 Map 6.3: Geology in KBIC, Baraga County................................................................................. 14 Map 6.4: Topography of KBIC, Baraga County........................................................................... 15 Map 6.5: Soil Types in KBIC, Baraga County