fgene-10-00558 June 13, 2019 Time: 15:20 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 13 June 2019 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00558 Revealing the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on the Roma Population of the Area Zsolt Bánfai1,2*, Béla I. Melegh1,2, Katalin Sümegi1,2, Kinga Hadzsiev1,2, Attila Miseta3, Miklós Kásler4 and Béla Melegh1,2* 1 Department of Medical Genetics, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary, 2 Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary, 3 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary, 4 National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary History of East-Central Europe has been intertwined with the history of Turks in the past. A significant part of this region of Europe has been fallen under Ottoman control during the 150 years of Ottoman occupation in the 16–17th centuries. The presence Edited by: Marshall Abrams, of the Ottoman Empire affected this area not only culturally but also demographically. The University of Alabama The Romani people, the largest ethnic minority of the East-Central European area, at Birmingham, United States share an even more eventful past with Turkish people from the time of their migration Reviewed by: Antonio González-Martín, throughout Eurasia and they were a notable ethnic group in East-Central Europe in Complutense University of Madrid, the Ottoman era already. The relationship of Turks with East-Central European ethnic Spain groups and with regional Roma ethnicity was investigated based on genome-wide Natalia Martinkova, The Czech Academy of Sciences autosomal single nucleotide polymorphism data. Population structure analysis, ancestry (ASCR), Czechia estimation, various formal tests of admixture and DNA segment analyses were carried *Correspondence: out in order to shed light to the conclusion of these events on a genome-wide basis. Zsolt Bánfai [email protected] Analyses show that the Ottoman occupation of Europe left detectable impact in the Béla Melegh affected East-Central European area and shaped the ancestry of the Romani people as [email protected] well. We estimate that the investigated European populations have an average identity- Specialty section: by-descent share of 0.61 with Turks, which is notable, compared to other European This article was submitted to populations living in West and North Europe far from the affected area, and compared Evolutionary and Population Genetics, to the share of Sardinians, living isolated from these events. Admixture of Roma and a section of the journal Frontiers in Genetics Turks during the Ottoman rule show also high extent. Received: 13 December 2018 Keywords: population genetics, genome-wide data, population structure, ancestry estimation, admixture, East- Accepted: 28 May 2019 Central Europe, historical aspects Published: 13 June 2019 Citation: Bánfai Z, Melegh BI, Sümegi K, INTRODUCTION Hadzsiev K, Miseta A, Kásler M and Melegh B (2019) Revealing According to genome-wide studies based on sex chromosomes, Europeans have two main the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman features in their genetic makeup regarding the paternal and maternal lineages. Investigations of Y Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on haplogroups show that there is geographical pattern in the Y haplogroup characteristics of distinct the Roma Population of the Area. European regional populations. East-Central Europe and the rest of East Europe separate clearly Front. Genet. 10:558. from the Northern and Western parts of Europe regarding some major haplogroups. The R1b doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00558 haplogroup is primarily a characteristic of West Europeans and its significance strongly decreases Frontiers in Genetics| www.frontiersin.org 1 June 2019| Volume 10| Article 558 fgene-10-00558 June 13, 2019 Time: 15:20 # 2 Bánfai et al. Impact of Ottomans in Europe toward East Europe, where R1a is the predominant R haplogroup. (or Carpathian) basin, territory of The Kingdom of Hungary. R1b is Celtic, Saxon, Basque and Frisian related, originating About one third of the area of the Kingdom fell to Ottoman from the Neolithic. R1a is mainly a Slavic derived haplogroup control in the 16th and 17th centuries for about 150 years. (Balaresque et al., 2010; Cruciani et al., 2011; Myres et al., 2011; A significant part of the Kingdom became vassal of the Ottoman Rocca et al., 2012; Underhill et al., 2015). Most of the East-Central Empire as did parts of the adjacent Eastern countries like Ukraine European ethnic groups share R1a and R1b to a similar extent and Moldavia (Gábor, 2013). As we know, Turks stayed in East- (Kayser et al., 2005). Western and mainly Northern groups show Central Europe at least for 5 generations, and approximately high extent of the I1 haplogroup, which is Germanic derived, 80,000 Muslims settled in the Ottoman controlled region of the Eastern and East-Central European populations possess mainly Kingdom of Hungary (Sugar, 1977). It was a part of the Ottoman the I2, a Slavic derived haplogroup (Rootsi et al., 2004). E3b and conquest strategy that they colonized the militarily occupied J haplogroups are represented with a significant proportion in areas in order to establish a solid base for further conquering the genetic makeup of East-Central Europeans, distinguishing campaigns and to consolidate their position and power in a them from other European populations (Semino et al., 2004). newly conquered area (Eminov, 1997). This colonization strategy Both haplogroups are connected predominantly to the Middle resulted in some notable Turkish settlements e.g., the Balkan Eastern region. E3b is connected mainly to Middle Eastern and Turk communities. Most of the major Balkan towns, especially, North African ancestries, haplogroup J indicates Arab, Greco- which lay near to transportation routes, became overwhelmingly Roman, Anatolian and Mesopotamian ancestries (Cruciani et al., Muslim in demographic composition until the 18–19th centuries 2004; Semino et al., 2004; Battaglia et al., 2009). Studies based (Eminov, 1997). This relatively large time interval, colonization on mitochondrial DNA showed us that the maternal lineage and settlement processes could allow and initiate significant does not reflect any patterns in connection with the geographical admixture between the Turkish people and Europeans, which location of populations, mtDNA haplogroups are ubiquitous all could leave detectable Turkish ancestry in their genetic makeup. over Europe with the predominance of haplogroups H, U, and T Researchers on the field of history show us that Romani people (Torroni et al., 2000). This could be the result of old socio-cultural share an even more eventful history with Turks. Romani people factors present in Europe, such as polygyny or even patrilocality. share a common history with Turks not only because they lived The latter refers to the social system where the married couple in East-Central European countries under Ottoman occupation, resides near the husband’s birthplace. Summarizing, the genetic but because their migration route included also Oghuz Turk properties of European populations based on the paternal lineage occupying area. After their exodus from Northwest India, Roma reflect their geographical location, so East-Central Europe is well- reached the Caucasus region, the Middle East, including the separated from West and North Europe and has also specific Anatolian peninsula, in the 12th and the Balkans in the 13th features due to Middle Eastern effects, which also makes it centuries (Mendizabal et al., 2012). They arrived in the central possible to separate the region from East Europe. region of Europe only in the 14th century, fleeing from the Roma (Romani, Gypsies) are a traditionally itinerant, diverse Ottoman conquering campaigns. In the 16th century, when in culture and dispersed ethnic group with a population a significant part of East-Central Europe was claimed by the counting at least 10–15 million individuals worldwide, with the Ottoman Empire, the Roma people were a significant ethnic largest population size in Europe (Liégeois, 1994). According to minority of the area already (Crowe, 2007). estimations, the Roma population in Europe counts approxi- The conquering campaigns of the Ottoman Empire played mately 12 million individuals (European Union Agency for an important role in the history of East-Central Europe. The Fundamental Rights, 2016). This makes them the largest ethnic effect of the Ottoman occupation left its mark on these parts minority in Europe by far. The fact that the European Roma of the European continent not only in a demographic and reside in large numbers in the East-Central European countries cultural but supposedly also in a genetic manner. Although, the makes them an important ethnicity of the region along with genetic impact on populations living in the formerly Ottoman the main ethnic groups of East-Central European countries occupied area remained unrevealed and has not yet been studied (Liégeois, 1994). using genome-wide autosomal marker data. Our aim was to Europe has a long common history with Turks, which dates investigate the relationship of Turks with the major ethnic back to the dawn of the Ottoman era, when Turks began to groups of East-Central European countries and with the local conquer the Eastern regions of Europe. The Ottoman Empire Roma ethnic minority using genome-wide single nucleotide was founded by Oghuz Turks led by Osman I in Anatolia in polymorphism (SNP) array data. We attempted