Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1976 The Trials of Gestapu: Political Change in Indonesia, 1965-1967 William Nicholas Bentivegna Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Bentivegna, William Nicholas, "The Trials of Gestapu: Political Change in Indonesia, 1965-1967" (1976). Master's Theses. 2881. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/2881 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1976 William Nicholas Bentivegna - THE TRIALS OF GESTAPU: POLITICAL CHANGE IN INDONESIA, 1965 - 1967 by William N . Bentivegna A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts September 1975 -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author sincerely thanks Dr. Sam Sarkesian and Dr. Allan Larson for their assistance, cooperation, and constructive criticisms in the preparation of this research. A special thanks is extended to Mrs. Alice Bentivegna for her help and inspiration and to Mrs. Carol Bentivegna for her editing, critical commentary, and moral support. ii LIFE The author, Willi.am Nicholas Bentivegna, is the son of Sam Bentivegna and Alice (Luke) Bentivegna. He was born March 5, 1949 in Waukegan, Illinois. His elementary education was obtained in the public schools of Waukegan, Illinois, and secondary education at Waukegan Township High School, Waukegan, Illinois, where he was graduated in 1967. In September, 1967, he entered Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois, and in June, 1971, received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with a major in history, graduating with honors. He was elected a member of Phi Alpha Theta, the honorary history fraternity in 1971 . He is presently employed by Township High School District 211, Palatine, Illinois, as an instructor of United States' History and Russian History. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LIFE . iii. TABLE OF CONTENTS i.v CONTENTS OF APPENDIX vi Chapter I. THE PROBLEM OF POLITICAL CHANGE IN DEVELOPING SOCIETIES ••. 1 The World Since World War II • : 1 Indonesia: A Typical Developing Society 2 Purposes •. 5 Methodology • • 8 II • THE ACTORS . • • 10 The Military . 10 The Communist Party of Indonesia • • 14 Sukarno .••••.••. 19 III. THE COUP THAT FAILED . 29 The Rumours .•••. 29 The Strategy of the Plotters 31 Reaction and Defeat. : .•• 32 IV. THE BLOODY AFTERMATH OF GESTAPU 39 i.v - v Chapter Page V. THE TRIALS AND SUKARNO - I • • 45 The Early Trials . • • • 46 Major Personalities - Dalam. 50 Major Personalities - Subandrio . 55 Major Personalities - Dhani • . 73 VI. THE TRIALS AND SUKARNO - II 81 The Supardjo Trial • . 81 The End of Sukarno . • • • • • . 85 The Trials: A Preliminary Assessment. • 91 VII. GESTAPU AND POLITICAL CHANGE •..• 94 Poli.ti.cal Change i.n Tradi.ti.onal Soci.eti.es 94 Poli.ti.cal Change i.n Developed Societies 95 Political Change in Developing Societies 96 Indonesia: A Typical Developing Society • 99 POSTSCRIPT. • 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY. • • • 112 APPENDIX •.•• 123 - CONTENTS OF APPENDIX Page I. Decree No. 1 On The Formation Of The Revolutionary Council of Indonesia. 123 II. President Of The Republic Of Indonesia Announcement (October 1, 1965) . • . 126 III. Department Of The Army Announcement No. 002/PENG/PUS/1965 127 IV. Department Of The Army Announcement No. 027/PENG/PUS/1965 . 128 v. President Of The Republic Of Indonesia Order (February 20, 1967) • . • . 129 VI. Provisional Consultative People's Congress Of The Republic Of Indonesia Decree No. XXXIII/MPRS/1967 . • . 131 vi I# CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM OF POLITICAL CHANGE IN DEVELOPING SOCIETIES The World Since World War II The world since the end of World War II has seen the struggle for independence by many of the former colonial states of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. At the time of this writing, over sixty previously dependent states have achieved sovereignty since 1 1945. Today, one must look closely to find the last vestiges of the great colonial empires. Yet, with independence the leaders of these new states are confronted with many pressing problems that heretofore had been handled by the bureaucratic institutions of the colonial power. These problems range from simply being able to provide basic services to larger considerations such as the development of a national foreign policy. Fundamental to these problems is a larger, more central issue, that of establishing a peaceful, orderly method of transferring political authority and its accompanying aura of legitimacy from one group in society to another. It is an issue of 1 William G. Andrews and Uri Ra'anan, The Politics of the coup d'etat (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1970), p. 1. 1 - 2 crucial importance that the leadership must face if the new state is to survive its first pangs of political development. Indonesia: A Typical Developing Society For the purposes of this paper, a developing society may be viewed as a transitional stage in the evolution of a modern developed industrialized state. Whereas a traditional society is based on a sacred value system, manifested by an emphasis on custom and tradition, a subsistance peasant economy, and a restrictive political process and a modern society is one based on a predominately secular value orientation with its accompanying emphasis on modern (i.e., western) economic and political institutions, a transitional society is an environment in which the clash between sacred and secular has not yet been resolved. It is a society in which the pull of the past as well as that of the future is still strong. Thus, a developing society is an environment of inherent conflict. If the lure of modernity is strong enough, the developing society will eventually evolve into a modern one. This drilt toward modernity is by no means assured, however. It is entirely possible that the ties to the past (traditional society) will be strong enough to prevent any modernizing movement to develop. The challenge for the leadership in such societies is to find a way to create the best possible environment for their citizens while at the same time reconciling the conflict between the two competing value systems. .... 3 In many regards, Indonesia is a typical developing society. A state of 120 mi. ll ion inhabitants spread over 700, 000 square miles, Indonesia was first brought into contact with the West by the Portugese in 1511. The area came under Dutch hegemony in the early 1600's when they supplanted the Portugese as the leading European power in sea-girt Southeast Asia. The Dutch ruled Indonesia for more than three centuries. Her rule was abruptly terminated in 1942 when Japan seized control of the islands, driving the Dutch from the area. Japanese control of the islands was short-lived, ending with her defeat i.n World War II. Of major significance, however, was the fact that during the latter stages of the Japanese occupation the military governor summarily granted independence to Indonesia through a native nationalist movement headed by the future president of Indonesia, Sukarno. This action was to take on added significance later when the Dutch attempted to re-assert their influence in the area following World War II. To the Dutch, the grant of independence made by the Japanese was invalid because the Japanese had seized the area i.n violation of international law. The stage was therefore set for a crisis i.n political change that was not resolved until December 1949 when the Dutch, realizing the futility of their efforts, formally ceded sovereignty to the Indonesians. In August 1950, the unitary Republic of Indonesia, with a western-style parliamentary system was proclaimed. jiLi2 4 The hi.story of Indonesia i.n the 1950's and early 1960's i.s the story of the failure of western democratic tradi.ti.ons and the growing concentration of poli.ti.cal power i.n the hands of one man, President Sukarno. This pattern of growing authori.tari.ani.sm was only checked by the events of September 30 - October 1 , 1965. These events and the resulting cri.si.s i.n poli.ti.cal change form the bases of thi.s research. As Luci.en Pye has pointed out, i.n non-western soci.eti.es the poli.ti.cal sphere i.s o~-ti.mes not sharply di.fferenti.ated from the social 2 and cultural environment. That i.s to say, many of the actions and values of the political leadership i.n developing societies are shaped by the socio-cultural environment out of which the political culture evolved. Issues i.n the political sector may well be influenced by social confi.gu- rations permeating all aspects of life. Thus, the concept of poli.ti.cal change may be greatly affected by factors not manifestly related to the poli.ti.cal process, but profoundly controlling i.t just the same. Such i.s the case i.n Indonesia. Indonesian society i.s centered around the mystical values and rituals derived from the ancient Javanese culture. Certain cultural traits stand out i.n this respect -- the fear of shame (loss of public esteem), conformity ori.entati.on, and hi.erarchi.cal deference to i.ndi.viduals i.n posi.ti.ons of 2Lucien Pye, Southeast Asia's Poli.ti.cal Systems (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967), vi.i.. pt 5 authority. Underlying all of Javanese society is the penchant for misdirection or the desire to confront any problem obliquely rather than in a direct manner.