A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF UGARITIC GRAMMAR AND BIBLICAL HEBREW GRAMMAR IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY MARK S. SMITH Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies New York University http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/RA/bibs/BH-Ugaritic.html Last Modified: May 2004 i http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/RA/bibs/BH-Ugaritic.html TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. x Purpose .................................................................................................................................... x Origins and Acknowledgements........................................................................................................... xi STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................................. xiii 1. BASIC TEXTS AND TOOLS................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. General and Historical Linguistics.................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2. Afroasiastic and Semitic Languages ....................................................................................... 3 1.2. Ugaritic .................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1. General Introductions .......................................................................................................... 8 1.2.2. Texts................................................................................................................................8 1.2.2.1. Resources for Text-Information .................................................................................... 9 1.2.3. Grammars and Grammatical Studies of Ugaritic ....................................................................... 9 1.2.4. Dictionaries for Ugaritic....................................................................................................... 10 1.2.5. Concordances .................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.6. Further Resources for Studying Ugaritic.................................................................................. 11 1.2.6.1. Bibliographies of Ugaritic Studies ................................................................................. 11 1.2.6.2. Major Journals publishing in Ugaritic Studies.................................................................. 11 1.2.6.3. Translations of Ugaritic Texts....................................................................................... 11 1.2.6.4. Internet Resources...................................................................................................... 12 1.2.7. The Relation of Ugaritic to Other Semitic Languages ................................................................ 13 1.2.8. Other Second Millennium West Semitic Languages................................................................... 14 1.3. Hebrew .................................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.1. Bibliography...................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.2. General Works in Grammar .................................................................................................. 16 1.3.2.1. Biblical Hebrew......................................................................................................... 16 1.3.2.2. Epigraphic Hebrew..................................................................................................... 18 1.3.3. Grammars of Specific Biblical Books or Passages..................................................................... 19 1.3.4. Hebrew and Other Semitic Languages .................................................................................... 34 1.3.4.1. Surveys of Research ................................................................................................... 34 1.3.4.2. The Relation of Hebrew to Other Semitic Languages ........................................................ 34 1.3.5. Stages/Dialects of Hebrew in the Iron I-Persian Periods ............................................................. 35 1.3.5.1. Early Hebrew ............................................................................................................ 35 1.3.5.2. North versus South ..................................................................................................... 35 1.3.5.3. Regional Dialects ....................................................................................................... 36 1.3.5.4. Hebrew in Direct Discourse and Narrative ...................................................................... 37 1.3.5.4.1. Studies............................................................................................................. 37 1.3.5.4.2. Context for Direct Discourse and Speech-Act Theory ............................................... 39 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.3.5.4.3. Bilingualism ..................................................................................................... 40 1.3.5.4.4. Hebrew Language and the Culture of Israel............................................................. 41 1.3.5.5. Pre-exilic versus Post-exilic Hebrew .............................................................................. 41 1.3.5.5.1. General Works .................................................................................................. 41 1.3.5.5.2. Texts for Study of Samuel and Kings versus Chronicles ............................................ 44 1.3.6. Other First Millennium West Semitic Languages ...................................................................... 44 2. ALPHABET .................................................................................................................................... 48 2.1. Ugaritic .................................................................................................................................... 48 2.2. Old West Semitic (non-cuneiform) and the Origin of the Alphabet........................................................ 49 2.3. From West Semitic to the Periphery: South Semitic and Greek Alphabets .............................................. 50 2.3.1. South and West Semitic Alphabets......................................................................................... 50 2.3.2. Greek Borrowing of the Phoenician Alphabet........................................................................... 50 2.4. Textual Uses of the Alphabet in Hebrew.......................................................................................... 51 2.4.1. Alphabetic Acrostics ........................................................................................................... 51 2.4.2. Atbash.............................................................................................................................. 51 2.4.3. “Shared Consonants”........................................................................................................... 51 3. CONSONANTAL PHONOLOGY.......................................................................................................... 52 3.1. Ugaritic .................................................................................................................................... 52 3.2. Hebrew .................................................................................................................................... 52 3.2.1. General Works ................................................................................................................... 52 3.2.2. Sibilants............................................................................................................................ 53 3.2.3. Gutturals........................................................................................................................... 53 3.2.4. l, m, n, r ............................................................................................................................ 54 4. PHONOLOGY OF VOWELS................................................................................................................ 55 4.1. Ugaritic .................................................................................................................................... 55 4.2. Hebrew .................................................................................................................................... 55 4.2.1. General Works ................................................................................................................... 55 4.2.2. Vowels ............................................................................................................................. 55 4.2.3. Philippi's Law .................................................................................................................... 56 4.2.4. Diphthongs........................................................................................................................ 57 4.2.5. Vowel Sandhi .................................................................................................................... 57 4.2.6. Stress and Vowel Changes...................................................................................................