University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh THE ROLE OF ECOWAS IN MANAGING POST- ELECTION CRISES IN WEST AFRICA: THE CASE OF IVORY COAST AND THE GAMBIA BY RITA ABLA DUGBENU (10407006) THIS DISSERTATION IS SUBMITED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LEGON JULY 2018 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION With the exception of the quoted references and acknowledged sources, I hereby declare that this dissertation is a result of an original research conducted by me under the supervision of Dr. Ken Ahorsu and that no part has been submitted anywhere else for any purpose. …………………………………… ……………………………………. RITA ABLA DUGBENU DR KEN AHORSU (STUDENT) (SUPERVISOR) DATE:…………………………… DATE……………………………… i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the Lord Almighty without whom it would not have been impossible for me to come to the Legon Centre for International Affairs and Diplomacy (LECIAD) and for His guidance throughout my study. This work is also dedicated to my entire family for their continuous support. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My utmost thanks go to God Almighty whose mercy, protection and provision took me through the challenging times and enabled me to successfully complete both my course work and this dissertation. I am very grateful to Dr. Ken Ahorsu, my supervisor for his guidance and advice. To my lovely family, friends and roommate I say am indebted for your sacrifices. I am also indebted to Prof. Henritta Mensa-Bonsu, Mr. Ebenezer Asiedu, Mr. Samuel Ofosu Boateng, Mr. Moussa Khady Cisse and Mr. Sebastian Beliwine for granting me audience for an interview. In a special way, I say thank you to the LECIAD Class of 2017/2018.You have been a great source of experience for me, I will forever remember you all. My final appreciation goes to the staff of the Legon Centre for International Affairs and Diplomacy (LECIAD). Once again, thank you all and may God bless each of you. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAFC Allied Armed Forces of the Community AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council AFRC Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council APRC Alliance for Patriotic Re-orientation and Construction APRC Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction AU African Union CMS Committee for Mediation and Security CPLP Community of Portuguese Language Countries CRC Constitutional Review Commission DCG Democratically Constituted Government DP Democratic Party DPP Declaration of Political Principles DSC Defence and Security Commission EC Electoral Commission ECOMIG ECOWAS Mission in the Gambia ECOMOG Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ECOWARN Early Warning and Response Network ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FANCI Forces Armées Nationales de la Côte d’Ivoire FDI Foreign Direct Investment FN Forces Nouvelles iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh FPI Front Populaire Ivoirien FRCI Forces Républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire GNA Gambian National Army IEC Independent Electoral Commission INPFL Independent National Front of Liberia KAIPTC Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre LECIAD Legon Centre for International Affairs and Diplomacy MCP Muslim Congress Party MFDC Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance MJP Movement for Justice and Peace MPCI Mouvement Patriotic de Côte D’Ivoire MPIGO Mouvement Populaire Ivorian du Grand Ouest MSC Mediation and Security Council NCC National Consultative Committee NCP National Convention Party NIA National Intelligence Agency NPFL National Patriotic Front of Liberia NPRC National Provision Ruling Council NRP National Reconciliation Party PAP Pan-African Parliament PDCI Parti Démocratique de Côte D’Ivoire PDOIS People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh PMAD Protocol on Mutual Assistance Defence PNA Protocol on Non-aggression PPP Peoples Protectorate Party PSC Peace and Security Council RECs Regional Economic Communities RUF Revolutionary United Front SADC Southern African Development Community SLA Sierra Leonean Army SMC Standing Mediation Committee SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary-General UDP United Democratic Party UN United Nations UNAMISIL United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone UNOCI United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution UP United Party vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION............................................................................................................................................ i DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problem Statement .............................................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Research Question............................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Research Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Rationale ............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Scope ................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Hypothesis........................................................................................................................................... 7 1.7 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.8 Literature Review .............................................................................................................................. 12 1.9 Sources of Data and Methodology .................................................................................................... 23 1.10 Arrangement of Chapters .................................................................................................................. 24 Endnotes ........................................................................................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................ 27 THE ECOWAS AND IT’S SEARCH FOR DEMOCRATIC PEACE AND GOVERNANCE ........... 27 2.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 27 2.1 The Historical Trajectory of ECOWAS ............................................................................................ 27 2.1.1 The Evolution of the ECOWAS Conflict Management Mechanism ................................................... 29 2.2 ECOWAS’ Search for Peace and Democratic Governance .............................................................. 31 2.2.1 The Sierra Leone Crisis ..................................................................................................................... 35 2.2.2 Guinea Bissau ................................................................................................................................... 36 2.3 The ECOWAS Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security ........................................................................................................ 38 vii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2.4 The ECOWAS Supplementary Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance .............................. 44 2.5 Overview of ECOWAS Performance in Security Management and Unconstitutional Change of Government................................................................................................................................................... 46 2.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 47 Endnotes .......................................................................................................................................................