Cool-season Food Legumes of Ethiopia Asfaw Telaye Geletu Bejiga Mohan C. Saxena Mahmoud B. Solh editors Alernaya University of Agriculture, Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Ethiopia About ICARDA Established in 1977, the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) is governed by an independent Board of Trustees. Based at Aleppo, Syria, it is one of 18 centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), which is an international group of representatives of donor agencies, eminent agricultural scientists, and institutional administrators from developed and developing countries who guide and support its work. The CGIAR seeks to enhance and sustain food production and, at the same time, improve socioeconomic conditions of people, through strengthening national research systems in developing countries. ICARDA’s mission is to meet the challenge posed by a harsh, stressful and variable environment in which the productivity of winter rainfed agricultural systems must be increased to higher sustainable levels, in which soil degradation must be arrested and possibly reversed, and in which the quality of the environment needs to be assured. ICARDA meets this challenge through research, training and dissemination of information in a mature partnership with the national agricultural research and development systems. The Center has a world responsibility for the improvement of barley, lentil, and faba bean, and a regional responsibility in West Asia and North Africa for the improvement of wheat, chickpea, forage and pasture —with emphasis on rangeland improvement and small ruminant management and nutrition—and of the farming systems associated with these crops. Much of ICARDA’s research is carried out on a 948-hectare farm at its headquarters at Tel Hadya, about 35 km southwest of Aleppo. ICARDA also manages other sites where it tests material under a variety of agroecological conditions in Syria and Lebanon. However, the full scope of ICARDA’s activities can be appreciated only when account is taken of the cooperative research carried out with many countries in West Asia and North Africa. The results of research are transferred through ICARDA’s cooperation with national and regional research institutions, with universities and ministries of agriculture, and through the technical assistance and training that the Center provides. A range of training programs is offered extending from residential courses for groups to advanced research opportunities for individuals. These efforts are supported by seminars, publications, and specialized information services. -01 i S t 1 *■) / f > Cool-season Food Legumes of Ethiopia MP . j cv Proceedings of the First National Cool-season Food Legumes Review Conference, 16-20 December 1993, Addissrfbetya, Ethiopia ,y " \ ^ '^Vf v v Editors Asfaw Telaye Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia Geletu Bejiga Alemaya University of Agriculture, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia Mohan C. Saxena International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria Mahmoud B. Solh Nile Valley Regional Program, ICARDA, Cairo, Egypt Sponsors Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria Nile Valley Regional Program (ICARDA), Cairo, Egypt Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries A ® 1994 The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) a joint publication with the Institute of Agricultural Research P.O. Box 2003, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia All rights reserved ICARDA encourages the fair use of this material. Proper citation is requested. C itation Asfaw Telaye, Geletu Bejiga, Saxena, Mohan C. and Solh, Mahmoud B. (eds.) 1994. Cool-season Food Legumes of Ethiopia. Proceedings of the First National Cool-season Food Legumes Review Conference, 16-20 December 1993, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. ICARDA/Institute of Agricultural Research. ICARDA: Aleppo, Syria, vii + 440 pp. AGROVOC descriptors Grain Legumes; plant production; technology transfer; Ethiopia; plant breeding; faba beans; lentils; peas; Viciafaba; Cicer arietinum; Lens culinaris; Lathyrus; agronomy; soil fertility; plant protection; plant diseases; pest insects; quarantine; research. ISBN: 92-9127-020-2 Language editor: Linda J. Sears ICARDA P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria Phone: (963-21) 213433/213477/225112/221512 Fax: (963-21) 213490/225105 Telex: 331208/331206 ICARDA SY The views expressed in these proceedings are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the sponsors. Maps are reproduced as submitted by the authors; they are not intended to show political boundaries and the sponsors hold no responsibility whatsoever in this regard. The spelling of place names is taken from a map printed for the Ethiopian Tourism Commission by the Ethiopian Mapping Authority (Edition 3/ 1992). The mention of trade names does not imply endorsement of or discrimination against any product by ICARDA. Contents Forew ord Preface Chapter 1. Cool-season Food Legumes Role of cool-season food legumes and their production constraints in Ethiopian agriculture Asfaw Telaye, Geleru Bejiga and Alem Berhe Smallholder production practices and constraints in Ethiopia Hailu Beyene, Workneh Negaru and Shelemew W/Mariam Marketing of cool-season food legumes Hailu Beyene, Gezahegn Ayele and Berhanu Lakew Technology transfer for cool-season food legumes Workneh Negatu, Elias Zerfu, Gezahegn Ayele and Gebre Hiwot H/Mariam Utilization of cool-season food legumes in Ethiopia Senayit Yetneberk and Asrar Wondimu Chapter 2. Breeding and Genetics Genetic resources in Ethiopia Dawit Taddesse, Asfaw Telaye and Geletu Bejiga Genetics and breeding of faba bean Asfaw Telaye, Tesfaye Getachew and Beyene Demtsu Genetics and breeding of field pea Asfaw Telaye, Beyene Demtsu and Tesfaye Getachew Genetics and breeding research in chickpea Geletu Bejiga and Yadera Anbessa Genetics and breeding research in lentil Geletu Bejiga and Yadeta Anbessa Genetics and breeding of grasspea Asfaw Telaye, Asgelil Dibabe and Bekele Bundle Chapter 3. Agronomy Faba bean and field pea agronomy research Amare Ghizaw and Adamu Molla Chickpea and lentil agronomy research Million Eshete Weed research in cool-season food legumes Rezene Fessehaie Chapter 4. Soil Fertility and Microbiology Fertilizer response trials on highland food legumes Angaw Tsigie and Asnakew Woldeab 279 Soil microbiology research Tekalign Mamo and Asgel'd Dibabe 293 Chapter 5. Crop Protection Diseases of lathyrus in Ethiopia Dereje Corfu 315 Field pea diseases in Ethiopia Dereje Gorfu and Tesfaye Beshir 317 Faba bean diseases in Ethiopia Dereje Gorfu and Tesfaye Beshir 328 Chickpea and lentil disease research in Ethiopia Meng ism Hulluka and Negussie Tadesse 346 Research on insect pests of cool-season food legumes Kemal Ali and Tibebu Habtewold 367 Quarantine activities in Ethiopia Awgechew Kidane and Solomon Bezabeh 397 Overview of Achievements in Cool-season Food Legume Research in Ethiopia Asfaw Telaye and Mahmoud Solh 404 Recommendations 416 Looking Ahead Mohan C. Saxena 425 Publications 428 Participants 438 Foreword Cool-season food legumes are major food crops in Ethiopia where they provide a considerable portion of the daily diet of the people and constitute an important component of its cropping systems because of their role in improving soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. The productivity of these crops in Ethiopia is, however, far below their yield potential. Constraints to increased production include unsuitable cultural practices and low-yielding landraces susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, the transfer of improved production technology to the farmers has been inadequate in recent years. The collaborative research between the Ethiopian Food Legume Improvement Program and ICARDA, which aims at finding solutions to problems facing the farmers who grow these legumes, has led to considerable achievements in food legume improvement. The work was carried out by a team established under the Nile Valley Regional Program (NVRP) currently supported by the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC) and previously by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the Italian Government. All partners in this program appreciate their contributions which have made their work possible. The NVRP has brought together and streamlined the efforts of three countries —Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt—and ensured the participation, in each country, of all governmental agencies concerned at the policy, planning, extension and implementation levels, as well as the full involvement of farmers. The undoubted success of the effort owes much to this collaborative approach and the rigor with which it was pursued. The proceedings of the workshop reported upon in this volume are a record of some of the achievements of this cooperative undertaking. Tadesse Gebre/Medhin Nasrat Fadda General Manager Director General Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) ICARDA Addis Abeba, Ethiopia Aleppo, Syria v Preface Cool-season food legumes have a major role in the diet and economy of Ethiopia. Research on the major cool-season food legume crops (faba bean, chickpea, lentil and field pea) has been extensive, as reported here. Because of its unique adaptation to waterlogged situations and farmers’ preference, grasspea deserves much more attention although some work is currently underway. For