Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48208-0 — The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period James Edward Bennett Frontmatter More Information THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF EGYPT IN THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1076–664 bce) has been charac- terised previously by political and social changes based upon the introduc- tion of Libyan social and cultural influences. In this book, James E. Bennett analyses the concepts of ‘transition’ and ‘continuity’ within the cultural and societal environment of Egypt during the Third Intermediate Period and provides an up-to-date synthesis of current research on the settlement archaeology of the period. This is achieved through the assessment of settlement patterns and their development, the built environment of the settlements, and their associated material culture. Through this analysis, Bennett identifies several interconnected themes within the culture and society of the Twenty-First to Twenty-Fifth Dynasties. They are closely related to the political and economic powers of different regions, the nucleation of settlements and people, self-sufficiency at a collective and individual level, defence, both physical and spiritual, regionality in terms of settlement development and material culture, and elite emulation through everyday objects. James E. Bennett is a scholar of Egyptian archaeology. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48208-0 — The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period James Edward Bennett Frontmatter More Information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48208-0 — The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period James Edward Bennett Frontmatter More Information THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF EGYPT IN THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD JAMES E. BENNETT © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48208-0 — The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period James Edward Bennett Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108482080 doi: 10.1017/9781108699488 © Cambridge University Press 2019 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2019 Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow Cornwall A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data names: Bennett, James E. (Egyptologist), author. title: The archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period / James Bennett. description: Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, ny, USA : Cambridge University Press, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. identifiers: lccn 2019008519 | isbn 9781108482080 (alk. paper) subjects: lcsh: Egypt – History – Third Intermediate Period, ca. 1071-ca. 650 b.c. | Egypt – Antiquities. | Human settlements – Egypt. classification: lcc dt89 .b46 2019 | ddc 932/.015–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019008519 isbn 978-1-108-48208-0 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48208-0 — The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period James Edward Bennett Frontmatter More Information In Memoriam Joyce Edna Jones (1922–2014) Sharron Lynn Bennett (1954–2014) © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48208-0 — The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period James Edward Bennett Frontmatter More Information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48208-0 — The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period James Edward Bennett Frontmatter More Information CONTENTS List of Figures page viii List of Maps x List of Tables xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Chronological Tables xvii List of Abbreviations xx 1 TERMINOLOGY AND CHRONOLOGY 1 2 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND LAND POLICY 12 3 SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT AND BUILT REMAINS OF 86 THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 4 DOMESTIC MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE THIRD 155 INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 5 CONCLUSIONS: TRANSITION AND CONTINUITY IN 189 THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Appendix 1 Gazetteer of Third Intermediate Period Sites 199 Appendix 2 Temple Building of the Twenty-Second to Twenty-Fourth Dynasty 252 Appendix 3 Unidentified Tomb, Mortuary Temple, and Palace Locations 260 Notes 262 Bibliography 289 Index 330 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48208-0 — The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period James Edward Bennett Frontmatter More Information FIGURES 1 Regional density of sites for Lower Egypt during the Third Intermediate Period. page 37 2 The pottery production complex in Memphis Area d4 83 3 Area of Third Intermediate Period settlement to the west of the Mut temple at Karnak 90 4 New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period temple landscape, Karnak 91 5 The temple enclosure of Medinat Habu during the Third Intermediate Period 92 6 The Matmar temenos area in the Third Intermediate Period 93 7 The New Kingdom Amun temple and Third Intermediate Period settlement, Hermopolis 94 8 Third Intermediate Period temple and funerary structures at Memphis 95 9 Ramesside temple and Third Intermediate Period settlement, Kom Firin 96 10 Tripartite house structure at Kom Firin 97 11 Tripartite house structure at Kom Firin 97 12 New Kingdom/Third Intermediate Period/Saite temple of Sekhmet-Hathor at Kom el-Hisn 99 13 Temple enclosure of Tell el-Balamun 100 14 Third Intermediate Period settlement between the subsidiary temple of Psammetik I and the Saite fort ramp at Tell el-Balamun 101 15 Third Intermediate Period and Saite Period temenos at Tanis 103 16 The surviving part of the settlement enclosure at el-Hibeh 109 17 The enclosure wall of the High Priest of Amun Menkheperre at Karnak 110 18 Relief from the palace of Assurbanipal at Nineveh 110 19 Plan of the priests’ houses at Karnak 124 20 Doorway of Ptah-Kha 126 21 Amarna house types 128 22 House from Amarna (el-Hagg Qandil), late New Kingdom/ Twenty-First Dynasty 130 23 Medinat Habu second phase houses 131 24 Two houses side by side at Medinat Habu 131 25 Medinat Habu third phase (Twenty-Fifth Dynasty) 132 26 Second phase Third Intermediate Period house on the pomerium of Ramesses III 133 27 Twenty-Fifth Dynasty houses from Medinat Habu 134 viii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48208-0 — The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period James Edward Bennett Frontmatter More Information FIGURES ix 28 Third Intermediate Period houses overlying the temple of Merenptah at Memphis 134 29 Group of houses at Medinat Habu 136 30 Level 3 house at Hermopolis 137 31 Level 1 house at Hermopolis 138 32 Level 1b house at Hermopolis 139 33 Third Intermediate Period stables, Tell el-Retaba 146 34 Third Intermediate Period ceramics from Sais 157 35 Twenty-Second Dynasty chalice 163 36 Third Intermediate Period terracotta bovines, Hermopolis 169 37 Terracotta female figurines 172 38 Votive bed, Twenty-Second Dynasty, Thebes 173 39 Third Intermediate Period scarabs 177 40 Metal spearheads of the Third Intermediate Period 179 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48208-0 — The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period James Edward Bennett Frontmatter More Information MAPS 1 Third Intermediate Period sites in the First Upper Egyptian Nome 41 2 Third Intermediate Period sites in the Second and Third Upper Egyptian nomes 42 3 Third Intermediate Period sites in the Theban region 44 4 Archaeologically located Third Intermediate Period sites in the Akoris to Atfih region (north part) 46 5 Archaeologically located Third Intermediate Period sites in the Akoris to Atfih region (south part) 47 6 Archaeologically attested New Kingdom settlements in the western Nile Delta 51 7 Archaeologically attested Third Intermediate Period sites in the western Nile Delta. 52 8 Variant positions of the Mendesian branch from the New Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period 57 9 Lower section of the Mendesian branch region during the Third Intermediate Period 58 10 Lower section of the Mendesian branch in the New Kingdom 59 11 Upper section of the Mendesian branch region in the Third Intermediate Period 60 12 The Tanitic