Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies College of Development Studies Tourism Development and Management Program Role of Orthodox Churches in Tourism Development of Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Alem St. Mary Church A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Tourism Development and Management By Tamene Mamo Advisor: Dr.Desalegn Amsalu Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa,Ethiopia June, 2019 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Role of Orthodox Churches in Tourism Development of Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Alem St. Mary Church A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Tourism Development and Management By Tamene Mamo Advisor: Dr.Desalegn Amsalu Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June, 2019 Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies College of Development Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Tamene Mamo, entitled: Role of Orthodox Churches in Tourism Development of Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Alem St. Mary Church and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Tourism Development and Management, complies with the regulation of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Name: Tamene Mamo W/Tsadick Signature: _________________ Date: ____________________ Advisor: Dr. Desalegn Amsalu Signature: - _________________ Date: - _________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS List of contents page TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................v LIST OF ANNEXES ............................................................................................................... vi LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVATIONS ................................................................. vii GLOSSARY .......................................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 1.1.Background ........................................................................................................................1 1.2.Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................3 1.3.Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................................4 1.3.1. General Objective .......................................................................................................4 1.3.2. Specific Objectives .....................................................................................................5 1.4.Significances of the Study .................................................................................................5 1.5.Scope of the Study .............................................................................................................5 1.6 Organization of the Study ..................................................................................................5 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................6 LITREATURE REVIEW ..........................................................................................................6 2.1.The EOTC and Its Tourism Resource ................................................................................6 2.2.Church Building in EOTC ...............................................................................................10 2.3.Church Painting and Icons in EOTC ...............................................................................11 2.4.Liturgical Teachings and Services ...................................................................................12 2.5.Church Hierarchy, Priesthood and Administration ..........................................................16 2.6.Doctrines of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church ..................................................................18 2.7.Church Practices ..............................................................................................................18 2.8.The Existing Contribution of EOTC to Tourism Development in Ethiopia ....................21 2.8.1 Church Education.......................................................................................................21 2.9.Contemporary Image of the Ethiopian Church in Africa .................................................24 2.10.Challenges of the EOTC to Tourism Development in Ethiopia ....................................25 i 2.11.A Review of Previous Studies on the Churches Role in Tourism in Ethiopia .............27 2.12.Conceptual Framwork ...................................................................................................31 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................32 STUDY AREA ........................................................................................................................32 RESEARCH METHODS .......................................................................................................32 3.1.Description of the Study Area..........................................................................................32 3.2.Research Design...............................................................................................................33 3.3.Observation ......................................................................................................................34 3.4.Interview ..........................................................................................................................35 3.5.Questionnaire ...................................................................................................................35 3.6.Document Analysis, Photos and Video Recordings ........................................................36 3.7.Sample Size for the Survey ..............................................................................................36 3.8.Demographic Characteristics of Survey Participants ......................................................36 3.9.Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................38 3.10.Ethical Considerations ...................................................................................................38 CHAPTERE FOUR .................................................................................................................39 TOURISM ATTRACTIONS IN ADDIS ALEM ST.MARY CHURCH ................................39 4.1.History of the Church.......................................................................................................39 4.2.Natural and Other Attractions ..........................................................................................43 4.3.The Meqagno (The First Church of Addis Alem St. Mary) ............................................44 4.4.Building of Addis Alem St. Mary Church .......................................................................46 4.5.Church Paintings ..............................................................................................................48 4.6.The Bell Tower ................................................................................................................49 4.7.Addis Alem St.Mary Church Museum (AASMCM) .......................................................50 4.8.Heritage Collection at Addis Alem Museum ...................................................................51 4.9.Timket in the Town of Addis Alem .................................................................................59 4.10.The Holy Water of Addis Alem St.Mary Church ..........................................................59 4.11.Opportunities..................................................................................................................60 4.11.1Tourism Attractions in the Surroundings of Addis Alem ..........................................61 4.11.2.Menagesha Mountain as a (Mountain tourism). .......................................................61 4.11.3.St.Markos Church .....................................................................................................62 4.11.4.Ensessa Kottee Wild Life Rescue Rehabilitation and Education Center (Holeta) (Wild Life Tourism) .................................................................................................................62 ii 4.11.5. The Palace of