THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAQUOKETA CAVES STATE PARK JACKSON COUNTY, IOWA ___________________________________________________ edited by Raymond R. Anderson Geological Society of Iowa ______________________________________ November 10, 2001 Guidebook 72 Cover photograph: Photograph of the Natural Bridge, Maquoketa Caves State Park. NATURAL HISTORY OF MAQUOKETA CAVES STATE PARK, JACKSON COUNTY, IOWA edited by: Raymond R. Anderson Iowa Dept. Natural Resources Geological Survey Bureau Iowa City, IA 52242-1319 with contributions by: Raymond R. Anderson Michael J. Bounk Stephanie A. Tassier-Surine Iowa Dept. Natural Resources Iowa Dept. Natural Resources Iowa Dept. Natural Resources Geological Survey Bureau Geological Survey Bureau Geological Survey Bureau Iowa City, IA 52242-1319 Iowa City, IA 52242-1319 Iowa City, IA 52242-1319 Joe Alan Artz Wayne Buchholtz Brian J. Witzke Office of the State Archaeologist Parks, Rec. & Preserves Division Iowa Dept. Natural Resources 700 Clinton Street Building Iowa Dept. Natural Resources Geological Survey Bureau Iowa City IA 52242-1030 Des Moines, IA 50319 Iowa City, IA 52242-1319 John Pearson Parks, Rec. & Preserves Division Iowa Dept. Natural Resources Des Moines, IA 50319 November 10, 2001 Geological Society of Iowa Guidebook 72 Additional Copies of this Guidebook or other GSI Guidebooks May be Ordered from the GSI Webpage at http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/gsi ii Geological Society of Iowa TABLE OF CONTENTS The Natural History of Maquoketa Caves State Park, Jackson County, Iowa: Introduction to the Field Trip Raymond R. Anderson............................................................................................................................. 1 The Quaternary Geology of Maquoketa Caves State Park Stephanie Tassier-Surine ......................................................................................................................... 3 Landform Characteristics.................................................................................................... 3 Quaternary Geologic History of the Area........................................................................... 4 Quaternary Deposits............................................................................................................ 4 References........................................................................................................................... 5 The Silurian Bedrock Seen at Maquoketa Caves State Park Brian J. Witzke ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Sediment on the Silurian Sea Bottom ................................................................................. 7 The Rocks ........................................................................................................................... 7 The Fossils .......................................................................................................................... 8 The Hopkinton Formation................................................................................................. 12 The Scotch Grove Formation............................................................................................ 13 The Field Trip ................................................................................................................... 16 References......................................................................................................................... 17 Silurian Stratigraphic Succession in Maquoketa Caves State Park, Jackson County, Iowa .................................................................................................... 19 Development and Evolution of the Maquoketa Cavern System Michael J. Bounk................................................................................................................................... 23 References......................................................................................................................... 29 Vegetation of Maquoketa Caves State Park John Pearson ......................................................................................................................................... 31 Upland Forest.................................................................................................................... 31 Forest at the time of pioneer settlement- circa 1837..................................................... 31 Forest in 1936 ............................................................................................................... 33 Forest in the recent past- 1979 to present .................................................................... 33 Tracts heavily forested in 1936 (“D”) ..................................................................... 36 Tracts partially forested in 1936 (“C”) ................................................................... 36 Tracts that were open pasture in 1936 (“B”) ........................................................... 37 1931 acquisition .................................................................................................. 37 1976 acquisition .................................................................................................. 37 1997 acquisition .................................................................................................. 37 Comparison of formerly grazed forest to old-growth forest ................................... 38 Other vegetation types ..................................................................................................... 38 Bottomland Forest ........................................................................................................ 38 Cliffs ............................................................................................................................ 39 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................. 39 History of Maquoketa (Maquaweutaw *) Caves State Park Wayne Buchholtz................................................................................................................................... 41 References......................................................................................................................... 46 iii Guidebook 72 Wildlife in the Area of Maquoketa Caves State Park Raymond R. Anderson........................................................................................................................... 47 Birds of Maquoketa Caves State Park .............................................................................. 47 Mammals of Maquoketa Caves State Park ....................................................................... 48 References......................................................................................................................... 49 Maquoketa Caves State Park Animal Check List ............................................................. 50 The Archaeology of Maquoketa Caves State Park Joe Alan Artz ......................................................................................................................................... 51 Previous Investigations ..................................................................................................... 51 The Sites of Maquoketa Caves State Park ........................................................................ 52 The Caves .................................................................................................................... 52 The Valleys.................................................................................................................. 54 The Uplands................................................................................................................. 55 Discussion......................................................................................................................... 55 References Cited ............................................................................................................... 55 The Hurstville Lime Kilns Raymond R,. Anderson.......................................................................................................................... 57 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 57 Lime Production at Hurstville........................................................................................... 57 Use of Lime Today ........................................................................................................... 59 References......................................................................................................................... 60 Field Trip Stops............................................................................................................................................. 61 Stop 1: Morning – Southern Loop .................................................................................... 61 Stop 1: Afternoon – Northern Loop ................................................................................. 65 Stop 2: Western Park Upland Areas ................................................................................ 68 Stop 3: Hurstville Lime Kilns........................................................................................... 69 iv Geological Society of Iowa THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAQUOKETA CAVES STATE