U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Second Five-Year Review Report for the Wyckoff/Eagle Harbor Superfund Site Bainbridge Island, Washington September 26, 2007 Wyckoff/Eagle Harbor Superfund Site Bainbridge Island, Washington Second Five-Year Review Report Table of Contents LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.....................................................................................v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................ix FIVE-YEAR REVIEW SUMMARY FORM.............................................................................................xi 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................1 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE FIVE-YEAR REVIEW ................................................................................................1 1.2 AUTHORITY FOR CONDUCTING THE FIVE-YEAR REVIEW...................................................................1 1.3 WHO CONDUCTED THE FIVE-YEAR REVIEW ......................................................................................2 1.4 REVIEW STATUS.................................................................................................................................2 2. SITE CHRONOLOGY..........................................................................................................................3 3. BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................9 3.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND LAND USES..................................................................................9 3.1.1 Current Land Use ......................................................................................................................9 3.1.2 Reasonably Anticipated Future Land Uses for the Wyckoff Site............................................10 3.2 HISTORY OF CONTAMINATION .........................................................................................................11 3.3 INITIAL RESPONSE............................................................................................................................12 3.4 BASIS FOR TAKING ACTION .............................................................................................................13 3.4.1 Soil OU....................................................................................................................................13 3.4.2 Groundwater OU .....................................................................................................................14 3.4.3 West Harbor OU......................................................................................................................16 3.4.4 East Harbor OU.......................................................................................................................17 4. REMEDIAL ACTION.........................................................................................................................19 4.1 SOIL AND GROUNDWATER OUS .......................................................................................................19 4.1.1 Remedy Selection....................................................................................................................19 4.1.2 Remedy Implementation .........................................................................................................21 4.1.3 System Operations/O&M ........................................................................................................23 4.2 WEST HARBOR OU ..........................................................................................................................24 4.2.1 Remedy Selection....................................................................................................................24 4.2.2 Remedy Implementation .........................................................................................................26 4.2.3 System Operations/O&M ........................................................................................................27 4.3 EAST HARBOR OU ...........................................................................................................................27 4.3.1 Remedy Selection....................................................................................................................27 4.3.2 Remedy Implementation .........................................................................................................27 4.3.3 System Operations/O&M ........................................................................................................29 i Wyckoff/Eagle Harbor Superfund Site Bainbridge Island, Washington Second Five-Year Review Report 5. PROGRESS SINCE LAST FIVE-YEAR REVIEW .........................................................................31 5.1 PROTECTIVENESS STATEMENTS FROM 2002 FIVE-YEAR REVIEW ....................................................31 5.1.1 Soil and Groundwater OUs .....................................................................................................31 5.1.2 West Harbor OU......................................................................................................................31 5.1.3 East Harbor OU.......................................................................................................................31 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE 2002 FIVE-YEAR REVIEW..............................................................32 5.3 STATUS AND RESULTS OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND FOLLOW-UP ACTIONS FROM THE 2002 FIVE- YEAR REVIEW ............................................................................................................................32 5.3.1 Soil and Groundwater OUs .....................................................................................................32 5.3.2 West Harbor OU......................................................................................................................32 5.3.3 East Harbor OU.......................................................................................................................33 6. FIVE-YEAR REVIEW PROCESS.....................................................................................................35 6.1 ADMINISTRATIVE COMPONENTS, COMMUNITY NOTIFICATION, AND DOCUMENT REVIEW ..............35 6.1.1 Administrative Components of the Five-Year Review Process ..............................................35 6.1.2 Community Notification and Involvement..............................................................................35 6.2 DOCUMENT REVIEW ........................................................................................................................37 6.3 DATA REVIEW..................................................................................................................................37 6.3.1 Relevant Trends.......................................................................................................................37 6.3.2 Recommended Changes to Monitoring Programs...................................................................44 6.4 SITE INSPECTIONS ............................................................................................................................45 6.4.1 Soil and Groundwater OUs .....................................................................................................45 6.4.2 West Harbor OU......................................................................................................................46 6.4.3 East Harbor OU.......................................................................................................................47 6.5 DEVELOPMENT AND REVIEW OF THIS SECOND FIVE-YEAR REPORT ................................................48 7. TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................49 7.1 QUESTION A: IS THE REMEDY FUNCTIONING AS INTENDED BY THE DECISION DOCUMENTS? ...........49 7.1.1 Soil and Groundwater OUs .....................................................................................................49 7.1.2 West Harbor OU......................................................................................................................52 7.1.3 East Harbor OU.......................................................................................................................53 7.2 QUESTION B: ARE THE EXPOSURE ASSUMPTIONS, TOXICITY DATA, CLEANUP LEVELS, AND REMEDIAL ACTION OBJECTIVES USED AT THE TIME OF REMEDY SELECTION STILL VALID?..........55 7.2.1 Exposure Assessment ..............................................................................................................55 7.2.2 Toxicity Assessment................................................................................................................57 7.2.3 Risk Characterization/Uncertainty Analysis............................................................................58 7.2.4 Potential New ARARs and TBCs............................................................................................59 7.2.5 Progress Towards Meeting RAOs ...........................................................................................59 7.3 QUESTION C: HAS ANY OTHER INFORMATION COME TO LIGHT THAT COULD CALL INTO QUESTION THE PROTECTIVENESS OF THE REMEDY?