Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page i STUDIES IN JAINA HISTORY AND CULTURE The past ten years have seen the interest in Jainism increasing, with this previously little-known Indian religion assuming a significant place in Study of Religious. This timely collection presents original research from a cross-section of eminent scholars on varied aspects of Jaina Studies. The volume crosses disciplinary boundaries with a range of empirical and textual studies on Jainism and the Jains. Topics that are covered include the role of women in Jain society, Jaina law and property, and sectarian Jain traditions. Studies in Jaina History and Culture is a stimulating and representative snapshot of the current state of Jaina Studies that will interest students and academics involved in the study of religion or South Asian cultures. Peter Flügel is Chair of the Centre of Jaina Studies at the Department of the Study of Religions in the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He has published extensively on the history and anthropology of contemporary Jain schools and sects, Jain stupas, Jaina–Vaisjava syncretism, and the social history of the Jain tradition. He is the editor of the International Journal of Jain Studies http://www.soas.ac.uk/ijjs Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page ii ROUTLEDGE ADVANCES IN JAINA STUDIES Edited by Peter Flügel Jaina Studies have become an important part of the study of religion. This series provides a medium for regular scholarly exchange across disciplinary boundaries. It publishes edited collections and monographs on Jainism and the Jains. STUDIES IN JAINA HISTORY AND CULTURE Disputes and dialogues Edited by Peter Flügel Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page iii STUDIES IN JAINA HISTORY AND CULTURE Disputes and dialogues Edited by Peter Flügel I~ ~~o~!!~n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page iv First published 2006 by Routledge Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2006 Peter Flügel, selection and editorial matter; the contributors, their own chapters, Typeset in Times New Roman by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd, Chennai, India The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN13: 978-0-415-36099-9 (hbk) Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page v IN MEMORY OF JULIA LESLIE (1948–2004) Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page vi Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page vii CONTENTS List of figures x List of tables xi List of contributors xii Foreword xv Preface xvi PART I Orthodoxy and heresy 1 1 Adda or the oldest extant dispute between Jains and heretics (Suyagada 2,6): part one 3 WILLEM BOLLÉE 2 The later fortunes of Jamali 33 PAUL DUNDAS 3 The dating of the Jaina councils: do scholarly presentations reflect the traditional sources? 61 ROYCE WILES PART II The question of omniscience and Jaina logic 87 4 The Jain–MimaÇsa debate on omniscience 89 OLLE QVARNSTRÖM 5 Why must there be an omniscient in Jainism? 107 SIN FUJINAGA Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page viii CONTENTS 6 Implications of the Buddhist–Jaina dispute over the fallacious example in Nyaya-bindu and Nyayâvatara-vivrti 117 PIOTR BALCEROWICZ PART III Role models for women and female identity 155 7 Restrictions and protection: female Jain renouncers 157 SHERRY E. FOHR 8 Thinking collectively about Jain satis: the uses of Jain sati name lists 181 M. WHITNEY KELTING 9 Religious practice and the creation of personhood among Fvetambar Murtipujak Jain women in Jaipur 208 JOSEPHINE REYNELL PART IV Sectarian movements 239 10 Rethinking religious authority: a perspective on the followers of Frimad Rajacandra 241 EMMA SALTER 11 A fifteenth-century Digambar Jain mystic and his followers: Taraj Taraj Svami and the Taraj Svami Panth 263 JOHN E. CORT 12 Demographic trends in Jaina monasticism 312 PETER FLÜGEL PART V Property, law, and ethics 399 13 Architectural, sculptural, and religious change: a new interpretation of the Jaina temples at Khajuraho 401 JULIA A. B. HEGEWALD viii Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page ix CONTENTS 14 Jaina law as an unofficial legal system 419 WERNER MENSKI 15 Ahiysa and compassion in Jainism 438 KRISTI L. WILEY Index 457 ix Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page x FIGURES 10.1 Bhakti in the svadhyaya hall at KobaAfram in 2000 244 10.2 A metal image of Frimad Rajacandra is processed during the inauguration of a new temple, Rajkot 2002 248 11.1 Central shrine at Nisaiji 284 11.2 Altar in the caityalaya in Sagar 287 12.1 Yati Moti Sagar of the A(ñ)cala Gaccha in Mumbai 318 12.2 Paraphernalia of Yati Moti Sagar 319 13.1 The small shrine attached to the rear of the Parfvanatha Temple 403 13.2 The Adinatha Temple adorned with Hindu sculptures 404 13.3 Wide cement grooves are visible between the two doorframes leading to the shrine 409 13.4 Seated Tirthakkara image with misplaced parasol inside the pradaksija-patha 412 x Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page xi TABLES 6.1 Sadharmya-drstântâbhasa 122 6.2 Vaidharmya-drstântâbhasa 124 12.1 Murtipujaka sadhus and sadhvis 1987, 1990, and 1996 322 12.2 Regional distribution of Framaja Sakgha sadhus and sadhvis 1987, 1990, and 1996 327 12.3 Sadhus and sadhvis of the Independent Sthanakavasi-Traditions outside Gujarat 1987, 1990, and 1996 328 12.4 Sadhus and sadhvis of the Gujarati Sthanakavasi-Traditions 1987, 1990, and 1996 329 12.5 Sthanakavasi sadhus and sadhvis 1987, 1990, 1996, and 1999 330 12.6 Tera Panth sadhus and sadhvis 1987, 1990, 1996, and 1999 335 12.7 Initiations, deaths, departures, and total numbers of Tera Panth sadhus and sadhvis 1764–1997 336 12.8 Digambara ascetics in 2000 and 2001 355 12.9 Total number of Jaina sadhus and sadhvis 1987, 1990, and 1996 361 12.10 Total number of Jaina sadhus and sadhvis 1999 362 12.11 Percentage of sadhvis 1987–1999 364 xi Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page xii CONTRIBUTORS Piotr Balcerowicz is Lecturer at the Oriental Institute, Warsaw University, Poland, where he teaches Sanskrit and lectures on Indian philosophy as well as on intercultural relations and contemporary history and cultures of Asia. He organized four international conferences on Indology and is the editor of a number of Indological books. He published extensively on Indian philosophy, but also on the Middle East and Central Asia (approx. 70 papers in Polish, English, and German). He authored five books on Indian philosophy, Jainism, and history of Afghanistan. Willem Bollée studied Classical Philology and Indology. He was a collaborator at the Critical Pali Dictionary in Copenhagen and Hamburg, Assistant Professor of Indo-European Linguistics at Münster University and, after his Habilitation, Professor of Indology at Heidelberg University. Among his books are the Kujalajataka (1970), Studien zum Suyagada I–II (1977–88), Brhatkalpabhasya (3 vols, 1998) and The Story of Paesi (2002, 2nd edition, 2005) and many articles. John E. Cort is Professor of Asian and Comparative Religions at Denison University in Granville, Ohio, USA. He is the author of Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India (New York: OUP, 1998) as well as several dozen articles on Jainism, and on South Asian religion, culture, and society. He also edited Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History (Albany: SUNY, 2001), and the late Kendall W. Folkert’s Scripture and Community: Collected Essays on the Jains (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993). Paul Dundas is Reader in Sanskrit in the School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures, University of Edinburgh. Among his extensive publications on various facets of Jainism is The Jains (second revised and expanded edition Routledge 2002; Italian translation 2005). His monograph History, Scripture and Controversy in a Medieval Jain Sect is forthcoming from Routledge. Peter Flügel is Chair of the Centre of Jaina Studies at the Department of the Study of Religions in the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of xii Flugel-FM.qxd 13/3/06 9:08 PM Page xiii CONTRIBUTORS London. He has published extensively on the history and anthropology of con- temporary Jain schools and sects, Jain stupas, Jaina–Vaisjava syncretism, and the social history of the Jain tradition. He is the editor of the International Journal of Jain Studies http://www.soas.ac.uk/ijjs Sherry E. Fohr is a Visiting Assistant Professor at Converse College. She received her PhD from the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia and conducted research in India with Jain nuns with a Fulbright-Hays fellowship. Sin Fujinaga is Professor of Ethics in the Minayonojo National College of Technology. He studied Jainism under the guidance of late Professor UNO Astusi, Hiroshima University and Muni Jambuvijayaji in India. He has written one book and nearly fifty papers on Jainism. Presently he serves as editor of the Journal for Jaina Studies. Julia A. B. Hegewald is heading an interdisciplinary research group on Jainism in Karnataka at the South Asia Institute of the University of Heidelberg, Germany (Emmy Noether-Programm, DFG).