HOHOKAM HABITATION SITES IN THE NORTHERN SANTA RITA MOUNTAINS by Alan Ferg Kenneth C. Rozen William L. Deaver Martyn D. Tagg David A. Phillips, Jr. David A. Gregory Cultural Resource Management Division Arizona State Museum University of Arizona Archaeological Series No. 147, Vol. 2, Part 1 HOHOKAM HABITATION SITES IN THE NORTHERN SANTA RITA MOUNTAINS by Alan Ferg Kenneth C. Rozen William L. Deaver Martyn D. Tagg David A. Phillips, Jr. David A. Gregory With Contributions by Margaret Glass Robert S. Thompson Kurt Dongoske Karl J. Reinhard Richard H. Hevly Richard C. Lange Bruce B. Huckell Submitted by Cultural Resource Management Division Arizona State Museum University of Arizona Prepared for ANAMAX Mining Company 1984 Archaeological Series No. 147, Vol. 2, Part 1 CONTENTS FIGURES xvii TABLES xxix PREFACE xxxxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxxiii ABSTRACT xxxxvii 1. THE ROSEMONT STUDY AREA AND PREVIOUS RESEARCH IN SURROUNDING AREAS 1 Alan Ferg Study Area Location 1 Study Area Environment 4 Climate and Topography 4 Vegetation 5 Fauna 5 Summary 8 Previous Research in the Land-Exchange Area 8 Regional Culture History 9 Tucson Basin 9 Middle Santa Cruz River Valley 12 Empire Valley 14 San Pedro River Valley 18 2. RESEARCH DESIGN 21 David A. Gregory and Alan Ferg The Derivation and Character of the Present Sample of Ceramic Period Sites 21 Problem Domains and Research Questions 27 Functional Site Types and Intrasite Organization 29 Relevant Data Classes 30 Economy and Subsistence 30 Relevant Data Classes 32 Site Distribution, Population Distribution, and Intersite Organization 32 Relevant Data Classes 33 Areal and Regional Relationships 35 Relevant Data Classes 36 Methods 36 Site Selection 36 Intrasite Sampling 38 General Field Techniques 39 Specialized Sampling 39 iii iv Contents 3. SITE DESCRIPTIONS 41 Alan Ferg Environment 41 Excavation Methods 45 Terms and Procedures Used in Data Presentation 49 Nonhabitation Sites 56 AZ EE:2:49 56 AZ EE:2:52 57 AZ EE:2:136 57 Trenched Habitation Sites 58 AZ EE:2:112 58 AZ EE:2:130 58 Early and Multicomponent Habitation Sites 59 AZ EE:2:76--The Gayler Ranch Ruin 59 Structures 59 Feature 3 62 Feature 7 62 Feature 8 71 Feature 10 76 Feature 16 76 Feature 25 76 Feature 27 79 Feature 29 79 Slope Trash 79 Extramural Features 79 Pits and Hearths 79 Artifact and Animal Bone Clusters 80 Burials 80 Cremation Deposits 80 Feature 4002 80 Feature 5 81 Feature 46 81 Feature 52 81 Feature 56 81 Feature 57001 82 Inhumations 82 Feature 21 82 Feature 21 82 Feature 46 82 Feature 56 82 Feature 67 82 Ceramics and Dating 83 Nonceramic Artifacts 85 Subsistence 85 Summary 86 AZ EE:2:84 87 Structures 88 Feature 1 89 Features 10, 15, and 25 89 Slope Trash 91 Extramural Features 91 Burials 92 Cremation Deposits 92 Contents v Ceramics and Dating 92 Nonceramic Artifacts 92 Subsistence 92 Summary 93 AZ EE:2:105--the BalLcourt Site 94 Structures 94 Features 6, 7, and 10 108 Features 71200 and 71001 108 Features 30, 60, 90, and 99 108 Ba1lcourt 110 Slope Trash 114 Extramural Features 114 Pits and Hearths 114 Artifact and Animal Bone Clusters 115 Possible Borrow Pit 115 Caches: Ground Stone and Pottery 115 Burials 117 Cremation Deposits 117 Feature 28 117 Feature 41013 117 Feature 51 117 Feature 80 118 Feature 7022 118 Ceramics and Dating 118 Nonceramic Artifacts 118 Subsistence 118 Summary 119 AZ EE:2:113--Bumblebee Village 120 Structures 120 Features 6100, 6300, 6200, and 7 123 Features 8, 10100, and 154 137 Feature 86 141 Slope Trash 141 Extramural Features 141 Pits and Rock Clusters 143 Artifact and Animal Bone Clusters 143 Stone Platform 145 Borrow Pits 145 Burials 145 Cremation Deposits 146 Feature 1 146 Feature 4 146 Feature 7001 146 Feature 29 146 Feature 62 146 Feature 70 146 Feature 80 146 Feature 81 147 Feature 84 147 Feature 107001 148 Feature 147 148 Features 160 and 164 148 vi Contents Inhumations 148 Feature 2 148 Feature 3 148 Features 15, 16, and 52 148 Features 25 and 72 149 Feature 53 149 Feature 165 149 Domestic Dog Inhumations 150 Feature 60 150 Feature 159 150 Feature 169 150 Ceramics and Dating 150 Nonceramic Artifacts 152 Subsistence 152 Summary 153 AZ EE:2:129 155 Structures 155 Feature 1 155 Feature 2 157 Slope Trash 160 Extramural Features 162 Burials 163 Ceramics and Dating 163 Nonceramic Artifacts 164 Subsistence 165 Summary 165 Middle Rincon Habitation Sites 166 AZ EE:2:77--Lightning Camp 166 Structures 166 Feature 1 166 Features 2, 3, and 31 169 Feature 56 174 Slope Trash 176 Extramural Features 176 Pits and Hearths 176 Postholes 177 Sherd-Lined Pits 177 Burials 177 Cremation Deposits 178 Features 22, 23001, and 52 178 Feature 40 178 Feature 44003 179 Inhumations 179 Feature 1003 179 Feature 4404 179 Ceramics and Dating 179 Nonceramic Artifacts 180 Subsistence 180 Summary 180 AZ EE:2:107 182 Structures 183 Feature 1 183 Feature 2 183 Contents vii Feature 3 183 Feature 4 183 Feature 5 185 Slope Trash 185 Extramural Features 185 Burials 187 Cremation Deposits 187 Subfeatures 7001 and 7002 187 Inhumations 189 Feature 9 189 Feature 10 189 Feature 15 189 Ceramics and Dating 189 Nonceramic Artifacts 190 Subsistence 191 Summary 191 AZ EE:2:109 192 Structures 192 Feature 2 192 Feature 3 192 Slope Trash 192 Extramural Features 192 Ceramics and Dating 194 Nonceramic Artifacts 194 Subsistence 195 Summary 196 AZ EE:2:120 197 Structures 197 Slope Trash 199 Extramural Features 200 Pits with Rocks and Roasting Pit-Hearths 200 Artifact Cluster 201 Burials 202 Cremation Deposits 202 Feature 8001 202 Ceramics and Dating 202 Nonceramic Artifacts 203 Subsistence 203 Summary 203 Late Rincon Habitation Sites 203 AZ EE:1:104 204 Structures 204 Feature 1 204 Feature 2 204 Slope Trash 204 Extramural Features 206 Ceramics and Dating 206 Nonceramic Artifacts 207 Subsistence 207 Summary 208 AZ EE:2:106 208 Structures 209 Feature 1 209 viii Contents Feature 2 211 Feature 3 211 Feature 6 212 Slope Trash 212 Extramural Features 213 Pits 213 Roasting Pit-Hearths 215 Lined Pits 215 Ceramics and Dating 215 Nonceramic Artifacts 216 Subsistence 217 Summary 217 AZ EE:2:116 218 Structures 218 Feature 1 218 Feature 2 218 Ceramics and Dating 220 Nonceramic Artifacts 220 Subsistence 220 Summary 221 AZ EE:2:117 222 Structures 224 Extramural Features 224 Pits 224 Postholes 226 Ground Stone Caches 226 Ceramics and Dating 226 Nonceramic Artifacts 227 Subsistence 228 Summary 228 AZ EE:2:122 231 Structures 231 Feature 1 231 Feature 2 231 Extramural Features 234 Rock Clusters 234 Burials 234 Primary Cremation 234 Ceramics and Dating 235 Subsistence 235 Summary 235 4. POTTERY 237 William L. Deaver Research Objectives 239 Methods 241 Decorative Study: A Stylistic Model 242 Design Structures 245 Banded Designs 246 Horizontal Band 247 Oblique Band 247 Combined Horizontal-Oblique Band 247 Spiral Band 247 Cross Band 250 Contents ix Sectored Designs 250 Trisected 250 Quartered 250 Offset-Quartered 251 Plaited 251 Simple Plait 252 Diamond 252 Vertical Panel 252 Styles 252 Pioneer Period Style 254 Colonial Period Style 254 Sedentary Period Style 259 Rincon Style A 259 Rincon Style B 262 Rincon Style C 262 Technological Study 265 Temper 267 Surface Mica 269 Polish 269 Vessel Form Study 269 Restorable Vessels 272 Rim Sherds 273 Measuring Orifice and Aperture Diameters 273 Rim Study 273 Painted Pottery 273 Pioneer Period 285 Colonial Period 286 Caffada del Oro Red-on-brown 286 Color 286 Shape 286 Paste 288 Design 289 Surface Finish 289 Rims 293 Varieties 295 Remarks 295 Rillito Red-on-brown 296 Color 296 Shape 296 Paste 297 Design 297 Surface Finish 299 Rims 302 Varieties 303 Remarks 304 Sedentary Period 305 Rincon Red-on-brown 305 Color 306 Shape 306 Paste 306 Design 309 Surface Finish 316 Rims 319 x Contents Varieties 319 Remarks 321 Rincon Black-on-brown 322 Color 322 Shape 322 Paste 323 Design 324 Surface Finish 324 Rims 324 Varieties 324 Remarks 324 Rincon Polychrome 326 Rio Rico Polychrome 326 Sahuarita Polychrome 328 Color 328 Paste 328 Shape 328 Design 329 Rims 329 Varieties 329 Remarks 329 Miscellaneous Painted Pottery 329 Classic Period 331 Tanque Verde Red-on-brown 331 Plain Pottery 331 Type I 335 Color 335 Shape 335 Paste 339 Surface Finish 339 339 Rims Remarks 340 Type II 341 Color 342 Shape 342 Paste 342 Surface Finish 344 Rims 346 Remarks 346 Type III 348 Color 348 Shape 348 Paste 350 Surface Finish 353 Rims 353 Remarks 353 Type IV 355 356 Red Ware Color 356 Shape 358 Paste 358 Surface Finish 359 Rims 359 Remarks 359 Contents xi Textured Pottery 365 Intrusive Pottery 362 Phoenix Basin Hohokam Types 363 San Simon Mogollon Types 363 Trincheras Types 370 Anasazi Types 372 Miscellaneous Intrusives 372 Discussion 372 Worked Sherds 374 Figurines 376 Pottery Variability 378 Temporal Variation 378 Evaluation of the Stylistic Model 380 Ratios of Plain, Painted, and Red-Slipped Wares 384 Bowl-to-Jar Ratios 386 Changes in Decorated Pottery 386 Changes in Plain Pottery 392 Changes in Red Ware 399 Functional Variation 399 Vessel Shape 399 Bowls 400 Jars 402 Technology 407 Comparisons of Plain Ware Types 407 Vessel Size 407 Vessel Shape 407 Summary of Function 409 Regional Variation 410 Summary and Conclusions 410 5. FLAKED STONE 421 Kenneth C. Rozen Introduction 421 Project Background 421