THE JOURNAL OF HYGIENE THE JOURNAL OF HYGIENE (Founded in 1901 by G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S.) EDITED BY R. M. FRY, M.A., M.R.C.S. LATELY DIRECTOR OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY, CAMBRIDGE I N CONJUNCTION WITH H. J. BENSTED, O.B.E., M.C., M.R.C.P. Lately Director of the Central Public Health Laboratory, Colindale W. I. B. BEVERIDGE, D.V.Sc., M.A. Professor of Animal Pathology in the University of Cambridge A. W. DOW NIE, M.D., F.R.S. Professor of Bacteriology in the University of Liverpool R. I. N. GREAVES, M.D. Professor of Pathology in the University of Cambridge J. O. IRW IN , M.A., D.Sc., Sc.D., F.S.S. Of the Medical Research Council’s Statistical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine E. T. C. SPOONER, M.D. Dean, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Sir GRAHAM S. W ILSO N, M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P., D.P.H. Lately Director of the Public Health Laboratory Service VOLUME LXIII. 1965 CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1965 PUBLISHED BY THE SYNDICS OF THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Bentley House, 200 Euston Road, London, N.W. 1 American Branch: 32 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y. 10022 Printed in Great Britain at the University Printing House, Cambridge (Brooke Crutchley, University Printer) Contents No. 1 (M arch 1965) PAGE N ew n h am , A u d r e y G. and Ch u , H. P. An in vitro comparison of the effect of some antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal agents on various strains of Mycoplasma (pleuropneumonia-like organisms: P.P.L.O.) .... 1 E ricson, Carl and J u h lin , I ngm ar. Hospital infections and hospital hygiene at Malmo General Hospital. 1. The incidence of staphylococcal infections during three y e a r s .............................................................................................25 J u h lin , I ngmar and E ricson, Ca r l . Hospital infections and hospital hygiene at Malmo General Hospital. 2. Hygienic measures and their correlation with the incidence of in fe c tio n .....................................................................................35 de Salles-G omes, L uis E., A ngulo, J uan J., M en ezes, E rnaldo and Z am ith, Y inicio A. Clinical and subclinical variola minor in a ward outbreak . 49 Se l w y n , S. The mechanism and prevention of cross infection in dermatological wards .............. 59 Gle d h ill, A. W., N iv e n , J an et S. F. and Seam er, J ohn. Elimination of Eperythrozoon coccoides infection from mouse colonies . 73 Stern , H. and E l e k , S. D. The incidence of infection with cytomegalovirus in a normal population. A serological study in Greater London . 79 R obertson, J. S. Toxoplasma skin- and dye-test surveys of severely subnormal patients in Lincolnshire .......... 89 Mag u rean u, E., Musetescu, M. and Grobn icu , M. Histological study of adenovirus type 14 development in cell cultures ...... 99 Sla d e n , W. J. L. Staphylococci in noses and streptococci in throats of isolated and semi-isolated Antarctic communities ....... 105 W illiam s Sm ith , H. The immunization of mice, calves and pigs against Salmon­ ella dublin and Salmonella cholerae-suis infections . .117 A y k r o y d , W. R. Nutrition in the Caribbean ....... 137 B an atvala, J. E., A n derson , T. B. and R eiss, B. B. Viruses in acute respiratory infection in a general community. .155 No. 2 (J u n e 1965) H am bling, M. H. and D a v is , P atricia M. Susceptibility of the LLC-MK2 line o f monkey kidney cells to human enteroviruses . .169 F en n e r, F. and Ch apple, P. J. Evolutionary changes in myxoma virus in Britain. An examination of 222 naturally occurring strains obtained from 80 counties during the period October-November 1962 . 175 U rqu h art, G. E. D., M offat, Margaret A. J., Ca l d e r , Margaret A. and Cru ickshan k, Gillian M. An aetiological study of respiratory infection in children, Edinburgh City Hospital, 1961-1963 ........................................... 187 VI Contents PAGE E lston, R. C. Estimating titres and their approximate standard errors in complement fixation tests . .201 O’R e il l y , K. J., Gordon Sm ith, C. E., M cM ahon, D olores A., W ilson , A. L. and R obertson, J. M. Infection of sheep and monkeys with Langat virus: cross-protection against other viruses of the Russian spring-summer complex 213 V eter in a ry L aboratory Services an d P ublic H ealth L aboratory Se r vic e. Salmonellae in cattle and their feedingstuffs, and the relation to human infection ............. 223 F ulthorpe, A. J. The influence of mineral carriers on the simultaneous active and passive immunization of guinea-pigs against tetanus ..... 243 T a y lo r , W. P. and P low right, W. Studies on the pathogenesis of rinderpest in experimental cattle. III. Proliferation of an attenuated strain in various tissues following subcutaneous inoculation ....... 263 H in u m a, Y orio, M u r a i, Y oshimichi and N a k a o , T ooru. Two outbreaks of echovirus 14 infection: a possible interference with oral poliovirus vaccine and a probable association with aseptic meningitis ...... 277 Sm ith , J ohn M. B. Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with the hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus ........... 285 Sm ith, J ohn M. B. and M arples, M a r y J. Dermatophyte lesions in the hedgehog as a reservoir of penicillin-resistant staphylococci ..... 293 B usvxne, J. R. Wire mesh screening for the exclusion of houseflies . 305 No. 3 (September 1965) H iggin s, P. G. A comparative study of a plaque and quantal method for assaying the neutralizing activity of antisera to type 1 poliovirus . 311 B u ckland, F. E., B y n o e , M. L. and T y r r e l l , D. A. J. Experiments on the spread of colds. II. Studies in volunteers with coxsackievirus A 21 . 327 N o ble, J. E. and Fie ld in g , P. Combined enteric and cholera vaccination by the intradermal route ........... 345 H y s l o p , N . S t G . a n d F a g g , R. H. Isolation of variants during passage of a strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus in partly immunized cattle . 357 Spooner, R. L., B o w d e n , F. W. and Car pe n te r, R. G. Description and analysis of a simple micro-titration immune cytolytic test ..... 369 B ullock, Gil lia n . An association between adenoviruses isolated from simian tonsils and episodes of illness in captive monkeys ..... 383 F le c k , D. G. Toxoplasmosis and Tristan da Cunha ...... 389 T u r n e r, G. S. and K apla n , C. Observations on photodynamic inactivation of vaccinia virus and its effect on immunogenicity ...... 395 Se l w y n , S. The transmission of bacteria and viruses on gummed paper . 411 R o w e, F. P. and R ed fe rn , R . Toxicity tests on suspected warfarin resistant house mice (Mus musculus L.) .......... 417 L id w e l l , 0. M., Morgan, R. W. and W illiam s, R. E. O. The epidemiology of the common cold. IV. The effect of weather ...... 427 Contents vii No. 4 (December 1965) ' PAGE Galbraith , N. S. A survey of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in the faeces of normal children aged 0-4 years ......... 441 P ublic H ealth L aboratory Ser vic e. Infections acquired in medical wards . 457 Schtld, G. C. and Stu a r t-H ar r is, C. H . Serological epidemiological studies with influenza A v i r u s e s ..................................................................................... 479 H ooper, W . L. and J en kin s, H . R. An evaluation of Rappaport’s magnesium chloride/malachite green medium in the routine examination of faeces . 491 T a y lo r, W . P., Plo w rig h t, W ., P h l in g e r , R., R ampton, C. S. and Sta pl e, R. F. Studies on the pathogenesis of rinderpest in experimental cattle. IV. Proliferation of the virus following contact infection .... 497 D a v ie s, R. R. and Sh e w e ll, J e n n if e r. Ringworm carriage and its control in m i c e ...............................................................................................................507 F oster, W . D. The bacteriology of tropical pyomyositis in Uganda . 517 M cN e il l, T. A. The antibody response of rabbits to inactivated vaccinia virus . 525 B er n a r d , R. P. The Zermatt typhoid outbreak in 1963 .................................. 537 J. Hyg., Camb. (1965), 63, 1 1 Printed in Great Britain An in vitro comparison of the effect of some antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal agents on various strains of Mycoplasma (pleuropneumonia-like organisms: P.P.L.O.) By AUDREY G. NEWNHAM and H. P. CHU Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge (.Received 10 June 1964) INTRODUCTION Over the last 20 years many workers, mainly in the United States, Canada, Britain, Scandinavia and Australia, have sought suitable drugs to inhibit growth of organisms of the Pleuropneumonia group (P.P.L.O.) or Mycoplasmataceae. Most of the work has been carried out in vitro on the mycoplasmata of bovine, caprine, rodent or human origin, and in vitro or in ovo on those of avian origin. Summaries of the findings of this previous work are given in Tables 1 and 2.