BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION FOR THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY’S (EPA) PESTICIDE GENERAL PERMIT (PGP) Prepared by: United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Wastewater Management 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, D.C. 20460 Submitted to: United States Fish and Wildlife Service 4401 North Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22203 and National Marine Fisheries Service 1315 East-West Highway, F/PR3 Silver Spring, MD 20910 February 26, 2016 PGP BE Report This page intentionally left blank. February 26, 2016 ii PGP BE Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 BACKGROUND ON THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT AND PURPOSE OF THE FORMAL CONSULTATION ..................................................................................... 1-1 2.0 PROPOSED ACTION.......................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Legal and Procedural Background ..................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Description of the Proposed Action .............................................................................. 2-2 2.2.1 Pesticide General Permit Description ................................................................. 2-2 2.2.1.1 Pesticide Use Patterns Covered by the PGP ......................................... 2-3 2.2.1.2 Obtaining Authorization under the PGP ............................................... 2-6 2.2.1.3 Limitations on Coverage ..................................................................... 2-10 2.2.1.4 PGP’s Technology-Based and Water Quality-Based Effluent Limitations .......................................................................................... 2-11 2.2.1.5 Pesticide Discharge Management Plan (PDMP) ................................ 2-12 2.2.1.6 Monitoring, Reporting & Recordkeeping Under the PGP .................. 2-12 2.2.1.7 EPA Inspections and Oversight .......................................................... 2-15 2.2.1.8 Information Available for Assessing the Effectiveness of the PGP ... 2-16 2.2.2 Expected Environmental Benefits of the PGP ................................................. 2-16 3.0 ACTION AREA ................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Description of the Action Area ..................................................................................... 3-1 4.0 OVERVIEW OF ANALYSIS APPROACH........................................................................ 4-1 4.1 Description of Habitats and Listed Species in Idaho and Massachusetts ..................... 4-5 4.1.1 General Description of Listed Species Habitat Types in Idaho ......................... 4-5 4.1.2 Description of Federally Listed Species in Idaho .............................................. 4-5 4.1.3 Description of Federally Listed Species in Massachusetts ....................... 4-154-14 4.2 Active Ingredients: Fate and Effects .................................................................... 4-274-25 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ....................................................................................... 5-1 5.1 Pesticide Usage under the PGP Use Patterns ................................................................ 5-1 5.2 Ecosystem Status within the Representative State Action Areas ............................ 5-45-3 5.2.1 Idaho Baseline Information ................................................................................ 5-4 5.2.2 Massachusetts Baseline Information ......................................................... 5-115-10 5.3 Factors Affecting Current Status of Federally Listed Species in Idaho and Massachusetts....................................................................................................... 5-185-17 5.3.1 Factors Affecting Listed Aquatic Species of Concern in Idaho ................ 5-185-17 5.3.2 Factors Affecting Status of Listed Aquatic/Aquatic-Dependent Species of Concern in Massachusetts ......................................................................... 5-205-19 5.4 Relationship of Representative State Baseline to the National Baseline Relevant to the PGP ................................................................................................................ 5-245-22 6.0 EFFECTS ON FEDERALLY-LISTED SPECIES AND DESIGNATED CRITICAL HABITAT............................................................................................................................. 6-1 6.1 Scope of Effects Analysis ............................................................................................. 6-1 6.1.1 Effects Data ........................................................................................................ 6-1 6.1.2 Assessment Endpoints ........................................................................................ 6-1 February 26, 2016 iii PGP BE Report 6.1.3 Direct Effects Analysis ....................................................................................... 6-2 6.1.4 Indirect Effects ................................................................................................... 6-5 6.1.5 Uncertainties .................................................................................................. 6-86-7 6.2 AI Assessments ........................................................................................................... 6-11 6.2.1 Mosquito Control ............................................................................................. 6-11 6.2.1.1 Malathion ............................................................................................ 6-11 6.2.1.2 Naled ................................................................................................... 6-23 6.2.1.3 Permethrin ........................................................................................... 6-35 6.2.1.4 Resmethrin .......................................................................................... 6-46 6.2.1.5 Sumithirin ........................................................................................... 6-57 6.2.1.6 Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus ................. 6-69 6.2.1.7 Methoprene ......................................................................................... 6-78 6.2.1.8 Temephos ............................................................................................ 6-90 6.2.1.9 Chlorpyrifos ...................................................................................... 6-100 6.2.2 Weed and Algae Pest Control ........................................................................ 6-113 6.2.2.1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ...................................................... 6-113 6.2.2.2 Diquat Dibromide ............................................................................. 6-127 6.2.2.3 Endothall ........................................................................................... 6-139 6.2.2.4 Glyphosate ........................................................................................ 6-152 6.2.2.5 Imazapyr ........................................................................................... 6-163 6.2.2.6 Triclopyr ........................................................................................... 6-175 6.2.2.7 Copper ............................................................................................... 6-186 6.2.2.8 Fluridone ........................................................................................... 6-198 6.2.2.9 Acrolein............................................................................................. 6-209 6.2.3 Forest Canopy Pest Control ............................................................................ 6-220 6.2.3.1 Bacills thuringiensis kurstaki ............................................................ 6-220 6.2.3.2 Carbaryl............................................................................................. 6-225 6.2.3.3 Diflubenzuron ................................................................................... 6-236 6.2.3.4 Disparlure .......................................................................................... 6-247 6.2.3.5 Malathion .......................................................................................... 6-255 6.2.3.6 Chlorothalonil ................................................................................... 6-267 6.2.4 Animal Pest Control ....................................................................................... 6-280 6.2.4.1 Antimycin A...................................................................................... 6-280 6.2.4.2 Rotenone ........................................................................................... 6-291 6.2.4.3 Sodium chlorate ................................................................................ 6-301 6.2.4.4 TFM .................................................................................................. 6-312 6.2.4.5 Diazinon ............................................................................................ 6-322 6.3 Assumptions, Limitations, and Uncertainties in the Effects Analysis ...................... 6-334 6.3.1 Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs) Used in Effects Analysis . 6-334 6.3.2 Calculation of Risk Quotients for Aquatic and Aquatic-Dependent Birds and Mammals ................................................................................................