PERPUSTAKAAN UMP 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0000092391 THE PENINSULAR MALAYSIA FLOODING - A SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF PRECIPITATION RECORDS NURUL AFZAN B1NTI MUSA HASNI Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of B. Eng (Hons.) of Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG JANUARY 2014 ABSTRACT Floods are regular natural disaster that frequently occurs in Peninsular Malaysia, which happens every year during the monsoon season. Especially second inter monsoon (October) to early North-East monsoon (November - December). During North-East monsoon, wind brings heavy rainfall to Peninsular Malaysia, which often results in flooding. The main study objective is to analysis spatial-temporal of precipitation records during flooding. The specific objectives of the study are as follow; to produce spatial- temporal rainfall distribution maps and to assess the depth, duration and intensity of the rainfall that can cause flooding. This study uses TMPA satellite-based rainfall, to map the spatial-temporal distribution of rainfall during flood events for period 2000-2013. From the maps, the assessment to identify the depth, duration and intensity of the rainfall that can cause flooding were performed. The results show that, the flooding occurs due to the variability of depth, duration and intensity of rainfall. However, at particular places the flooding that occurred at different periods, experiencing rainfall with the same intensity. In conclusion, floods can happen at a place with different rainfall characteristics (i.e. depth, duration, intensity). In addition, flooding able reoccurred at the same place with the same rainfall intensity. Vi ABSTRAK Banjir adalah bencana alam yang sering berlaku di Semenanjung Malaysia, ia berlaku setiap tahun pada musim tengkujuh. Terutamanya monsun kedua antara (Oktober) hingga awal monsun Timur Laut (November - Disember). Semasa monsun Timur Laut, angin membawa hujan lebat ke Semenanjung Malaysia, yang sering menyebabkan banjir. Objektif kajian utama adalah untuk analisis spatial-temporal rekod hujan dalam banjir. Objektif khusus kajian mi adalah seperti berikut; untuk menghasilkan spatial-temporal peta taburan hujan dan untuk menilai kedalaman, tempoh dan keamatan hujan yang boleh menyebabkan banjir. Kajian mi menggunakan TMPA berasaskan satelit hujan, untuk memetakan spatial-temporal hujan semasa kejadiaji banjir bagi tempoh 2000-2013. Daripada peta-peta, penilaian untuk mengenal pasti kedalaman, tempoh dan keamatan hujan yang boleh menyebabkan banjir telah dijalankan. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa, banjir yang berlaku disebabkan oleh kepelbagaian kedalaman, tempoh dan keamatan hujan. Walau bagaimanàpun, pada tkawasan tertentu banjir yang berlaku pada tempoh yang berbeza, mengalami hujan dengan keamatan yang sama. Kesimpulannya, banjir boleh berlaku pada suatu tempat yang mempunyai ciri-ciri hujan yang berbeza (iaitu kedalaman, tempoh, keamatan hujan). Di samping itu, banjir dapat berulang di tempat yang sama dengan keamatan hujan yang sama. VII TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION STUDENT'S DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Source of Flooding 3 1.3 Problem Statement 4 1.4 Objective of Study 4 1.5 Scope of Study 4 1.6 Thesis Structure 7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 8 2.1 .1 Monsoon Flood 2.1.2 Flash Flood 10 2.2 The Effect of Flood 11 2.3 Key Feature of Physical and Climate Study Area 12 2.4 Determination of Rainfall Distribution Using Satellite Image Data 15 VIII 2.4.1 Previous Study 16 2.4.2 Satellite Image Data Source for Review 18 2.5 Summary 21 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 22 3.2 Data Collecting 24 3.2.1 TMPA Satellite-based Rainfall Images 24 3.2.2 Data Support 25 3.2.2.1 Study Area Map 25 3.2.2.2 Flood Incident Data from The Related Agency 26 3.3 Pre - Processing 27 3.3.1 Step of Geographical Information System (GIS) for This Study 27 3.3.2 Preparation of TMPA Satellite-based Monthly Rainfall 32 Database and Flood Area Location 3.4 Processing 47 3.4.1 Quantifying Rainfall Characteristics at Flood Area 47 3.5 Step of Geographical Information System (GIS) for This Study 46 3.6 Summary 49 CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Result 51 4.3 Depth 52 4.4 Duration 59 4.5 Intensity 60 4.6 Discussion 62 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Introduction 64 5.2 Conclusion 64 5.3 Recommendation 65 REFERENCES x LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page 3.1 Date incident from the related agency. 26 3.2 Shows the monthly rainfall data a satellite image of the extracted 48 TMPA. 4.1 Monthly rainfall data from the current issue and the 51 corresponding satellite images TMPA (2000-2013). A LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page 1.1 Study Area 6 2.1 Region of the study area, a) North-West of Peninsular Malaysia 13 (NWM), b) West Peninsular Malaysia (WM), c) South-West Peninsular Malaysia (SWM), and d) East Malaysia (EM). 3.1 Research Methodology flow chart. 23 3.2 TRMM Satellite Image Data (July 1, 2000; 12 hours): (a) 25 Original Satellite Image Data in HDF format, and (b) Satellite Image data in TIFF format Covering Area Studies. 3.3 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 33 Image Data TMPA (Dec 22, 2001; 09 hours). 3.4 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 34 Image Data TMPA (Oct 02, 2003; 03 hours). 3.5 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 35 Image Data TMPA (Dec 17, 2006; 09 hours). 3.6 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 36 Image Data TMPA (Nov 29, 2008; 00 hours). 3.7 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 37 Image Data TMPA (Jan 03, 2009; 15 hours). 3.8 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 38 Image Data TMPA (Aug 29, 2009; 21 hours). 3.9 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 39 Image Data TMPA (Oct 31, 2010; 21 hours). 3.10 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 40 Image Data TMPA (Jan 30, 2011; 06 hours). 3.11 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 41 Image Data TMPA (March 05, 2012; 09 hours). XII 3.12 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 42 Image Data TMPA (Apr 11, 2012; 21 hours). 3.13 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 43 Image Data TMPA (Dec 05, 2012; 09 hours). 3.14 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 44 Image Data TMPA (Dec 25, 2012; 03 hours). 3.15 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 45 Image Data TMPA (Oct 22, 2013; 12 hours). 3.16 Distribution of Rain Rate Three hour (unit mm) from Satellite 46 Image Data TMPA (Dec 03, 2013; 12 hours). 4.1 The analysis of the depth in Gua Musang, Kelantan; Kemaman, 52 Terengganu and Kuantan Pahang. - 4.2 The analysis of the depth in Kubang Pasu, Kedah and Kangar, 53 Penis. 4.3 The analysis of the depth in Muar, Johor. 53 4.4 The analysis of the depth in Dungun, Terengganu; Kuala Krai, 54 Kelantan; and Kuantan, Pahang. 4.5 The analysis of the depth in Kuantan, Pahang and Alor Star, 54 Kedah. 4.6 The analysis of the depth in Kangar, Perlis. 55 4.7 The analysis of the depth in Jasin, Melaka; Rompin, Pahang; 55 Seremban, Negeri Sembilan and Segamat, Johor. 4.8 The analysis of the depth in Ampang, Selangor. 56 4.9 The analysis of the depth in Kampar, Perak. 56 4.10 The analysis of the depth in Sabak Bernam, Selangor. 57 4.11 The analysis of the depth in Kemaman, Terengganu and Kuala 57 Krai, Kelantan. 4.12 The analysis of the depth in Seberang Prai Utara, Pulau Pinang; 58 Manjung, Perak and Kulim, Kedah. 4.13 The analysis of the depth in Dungun, Terengganu; Kuantan, 58 XIII Pahang; Kuala Krai, Kelantan and Kota Tinggi, Johor. 4.14 The analysis of the duration in Peninsular Malaysia. 60 4.15 The analysis of the intensity in Peninsular Malaysia. 61 4.16 The analysis of the relation character depth, duration and 62 intensity in Peninsular Malaysia. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Worldwide natural disasters are occurring every year and their impact and frequency seem to have increased in recent decades, mostly due to environmental degradation, brought on by human intervention to nature: deforestation, intensified and unplanned land use and increasing population (Vincent, 1997). Flooding is a frequent natural disasters experienced around the world. Flooding occurs when an area, usually low-lying, flooded with water. Floods usually occur when water overflows from the banks of the river. Floods happen when soil and vegetation cannot absorb all the water. The water then flows over the land and cannot be accommodated by the natural flow of the river or pond or stored in man-made reservoirs. The flooding from the sea can cause overflow and flood the insulation will cause this natural fortress ruins. The area behind the coastal defences may be exposed to hazards. Floods from the sea can be caused by storms, high tides, tsunamis, or a combination of such elements. Because most communities' community located near the coast, the problem is a major threat worldwide. 2 Malaysian floods occur when storm overflows that exceed the ability of the soil or water reservoirs like rivers, or lakes to absorb rainwater, meet landmass. Malaysian floods often occur at the end of the Northeast monsoon which is taking place from November to March.