Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body What Is Anatomy and Physiology? • Anatomy: – The study of the structure and shape of the body and the relationships among structures • Physiology: – The study of the functions of the body parts. Anatomy Subdivisions • Surface anatomy: – Morphology and markings on the surface of the body • Gross anatomy: – Study structures without using microscope • Systemic anatomy: – Study structure of specific system, e.g nervous system • Regional anatomy: – Study specific region, e.g head, chest Anatomy Subdivisions • Radiographic anatomy: – Study the structures of the body using x-ray • Developmental biology: – The development of the body, fertilized egg to adult • Embryology: – Study of development from fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero Anatomy Subdivisions • Histology: – Microscopic study of the structure of tissues • Cytology: – Chemical and microscopic study of cell structure • Pathology: – Gross or microscopic structural changes Physiology Subdivisions • Cell physiology: – Study the functions of cells • Pathophysiology: – Functional changes associated with disease and aging • Exercise physiology: – Study of changes during muscular activity • Neurophysiology: – Functional characteristics of nerve cells Physiology Subdivisions • Endocrinology: – Hormones and how they control the body functions • Cardiovascular: – Function of the heart and blood vessels • Immunology: – Body defense mechanism • Respiratory physiology: – Function of air passageways and lungs • Renal physiology: – functions of the kidneys Levels of Structural Organization • Several structural levels: – Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ,system, organism 1. Chemical level: – Smallest components, atoms and molecules – Essential atoms to maintain life:C,H,O,N,Ca,P,Ca, S – Molecules: proteins, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins 2. Cellular level: • Molecules combine to form cells that vary in size, shape, and function • Cells are the basic structural and functional units of organisms e.g. muscle, nerve, blood cells • Cells contain organelles Levels of Structural Organization 3. Tissue level: – Group of similar cells have common function – Four basic tissue types: • epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous tissue. 4. Organ level: – Two or more different types of tissue make an organ – Have a specific function and shape – Example: heart, lung, brain…etc. Levels of Structural Organization 5. System level (organ system): – Group of organs cooperate to a accomplish common purpose • 11 organ system (Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, lymphatic, Respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive) 6. Organismic level: – One living individual – All body parts functioning together Levels of Structural Organization Anatomical position • The subject erect and facing the observer • The head level, and eyes facing forward • The feet flat on the floor and forward • The arms placed at the sides with palms turned forward Superior (cranial or Toward the head body; The nose is Superior to the Cephalad) above mouth Inferior Toward the lower part of The mouth is inferior to the (Caudal) the body nose Anterior (ventral) Toward the front of the Breastbone anterior to the body spine Posterior Toward the back of the The heart posterior to the (dorsal) body breastbone Medial Toward the midline of the Breastbone medial to the body nipples Lateral Away from the midline of The nipples lateral to the the body breastbone Proximal Close to the origin Elbow is proximal to the wrist Distal Away from the origin Knee is distal to thigh Superficial Toward the body surface Skin is superficial the skeleton Deep Away from the body Skeleton are deep to the skin surface; more internal Cranial Proximal Anterior Lateral • Planes: Imaginary flat surfaces pass through body parts Planes and Sections • Sagittal plane: Vertical plane divides the body into right and left – Midsagittal plane: Divides the body into equal right and left halves – Parasagittal: Divides the body into two not equal halves • Frontal or coronal plane: – Divides the body into anterior and posterior • Transverse plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior Planes and Sections • Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes are perpendicular to each other • Oblique plane, passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and Sagittal or frontal plane. Body Cavities • Cavities are confined spaces within the body that contain internal organs • Cavities may be separated by muscles, bones, or ligaments • Two main cavities: dorsal and ventral • Dorsal cavity: located near the back and subdivided into: 1. Cranial cavity contains the brain 2. Vertebral canal contains the spinal cord Body Cavities • Ventral cavity subdivided by the diaphragm to – Thoracic cavity: Contains lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and large blood vessels – Abdomenopelvic cavity: Extend from the diaphragm to the groin • Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder, portion of large intestine, internal organs of reproductive system. Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes • Membranes cover the viscera and line the walls of the thorax and abdomen • Pleura: covers the lungs • Pericardium: covers the surface of the heart • Peritoneum: covers the abdominal viscera and lines the abdominal wall – Retroperitoneal: located behind the parietal peritoneum such as kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas • 4 lines divide the abdominal Abdominopelvic Regions cavity into 9 regions • 2 horizontal lines – Subcostal line: Drawn inferior to the rib cage across the inferior portion of the stomach – Transtrabecular line: Drawn inferior to the tops of the hip bones • 2 vertical lines: – left and right midclavicular lines – Drawn through the mid point of the clavicles medial to the nipple Nine Abdominal Regions Quadrants • Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicus and divide the abdominopelvic cavity into 4 quadrants – RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ – used by clinical staff to locate Abdominopelvic pain, tumor or other abnormality Clinical quadrants of Abdomen • Right upper quadrant-RUQ – Liver (main) – Gallbladder – Head of pancreas – Colon – Right kidney • Left upper quadrant- LUQ – Liver (tip) – Spleen – Left kidney – Stomach – Colon Lower quadrants of Abdomen • Right lower quadrant- RLQ – Colon, ascending – Small intestines – Right Ureter – Appendix – Bladder • Left lower quadrant-LLQ – Sigmoid colon – Left Ureter – Small intestines – Aorta – Bladder Match the term with the definition Organism Cells Tissue Organ System 1. Similar cells act together to perform a common function 2. Group of organs cooperate to accomplish common purpose 3. Tow or more different tissues arranged to perform a special function 4. Smallest living unit of structure and function in the body 5. Denotes a living thing Match the term on the left with the Anatomical position on the right 1. Arms A. Erect 2. Eyes B. At the sides 3. Head C. Flat on the floor 4. Feet D. Level 5. Body E. Facing forward Select the correct answer Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Lateral Medial Proximal Distal Superficial Deep 1. The Ankle is _____ to the knee 2. The Nose is _____ to the ear 3. The Backbone is ____ to the heart 4. The Nose is _____ to the chin 5. The Stomach is ____ to diaphragm 6. The Nose is located on the _________ surface of the body 7. The Lungs are ____ to the heart 8. The Elbow is ________ to the wrist 9. The Skin is _______ to the bones 10. The Bones is _______ to the skin Match the term on the left with the definition on the right 1. Coronal plane A. Divides the body into equal 2. Midsagittal plane parts 3. Transverse plane B. Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections 4. Sagittal plane C. Divides the body into superior 5. Frontal and inferior sections D. May also be referred to as coronal plane E. Divides the body into unequal parts Label The Body Cavities Indicate whether the cavities belong to the ventral or dorsal body cavities 1. Thoracic A. Ventral 2. Abdominal B. Dorsal 3. Mediastinum 4. Cranial 5. Pelvic 6. Spinal 7. Pleural Name the Abdominopelvic regions Place the following organs in the appropriate abdominopelvic region 1. Appendix 2. Kidneys 3. Prostate 4. Small intestine 5. Urinary bladder 6. Ovaries 7. Stomach 8. Pancreas 9. Gallbladder 10.Uterus 11.Spleen Name the Quadrants Place the following organs in the appropriate Quadrant 1. Sigmoid colon 2. Aorta 3. Left Ureter 4. Small intestines 5. Left Ureter 6. Bladder 7. Right Ureter 8. Ascending Colon 9. Appendix Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one of the following structures is not located in the abdominal cavity? a. Liver b. Spleen c. Urinary bladder 2. Which of the following is not an abdominopelvic region? a. iliac region b. lumbar region c. Pancreatic region 3. The dorsal body cavity contains components of the ____system. a. Reproductive b. Respiratory c. Nervous 4. The buttocks area is called. a. Sacral b. Lumbar c. Gluteal 5. A study of the functions of living organisms is called. a. Physiology b. Chemistry c. Biology Multiple Choice Questions 6. Which of the following organs or structures does not lie within the mediastinum? a. Aorta b. Liver c. Esophagus 7. In the anatomical position. a. The dorsal body cavity is anterior to the ventral. b. The palms face toward the back of the body. c. The body is erect. 8. In the human body, the chest region is also called : a. The thoracic cavity c. The dorsal body cavity. b. The ventral body cavity. Chapter 2 Chemistry • Synthesis Reactions-