AN ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF LUNENBURG COUNTY, VIRGINIA FINAL REPORT PREPARED BY KIMBERLY M. CHEN & ASSOCIATES, INC. FOR THE VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HISTORIC RESOURCES THE LUNENBURG COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS AND THE LUNENBURG COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY February 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .......................................................................................... iv-vi ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................vii-viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... x-xi HISTORIC CONTEXT REGIONAL OVERVIEW ....................................................................................... 1 HISTORIC OVERVIEW OF LUNENBURG COUNTY ........................................... 2 HISTORIC THEMES ..................................................................................................... 15 ARCHITECTURE ............................................................................................... 16 DOMESTIC......................................................................................................... 42 SUBSISTANCE/AGRICULTURE ........................................................................ 49 COMMERCE/TRADE ......................................................................................... 53 EDUCATION ...................................................................................................... 54 GOVERNMENT/LAW/POLITCAL ....................................................................... 55 HEALTH CARE/MEDICINE ............................................................................... 55 INDUSTRY/PROCESSING/EXTRACTION ........................................................ 56 RELIGION .......................................................................................................... 57 FUNERARY ........................................................................................................ 58 ETHNICITY/IMMIGRATION ............................................................................... 59 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ................................................................................ 61 RECREATION/ARTS ......................................................................................... 63 TRANSPORTION/COMMUNICATION ............................................................... 63 RESEARCH DESIGN OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................... 64 SCOPE OF WORK ............................................................................................. 64 APPROACH ....................................................................................................... 65 IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................................................ 67 EXPECTED RESULTS ....................................................................................... 69 AN ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF LUNENBURG COUNTY, VIRGINIA KIMBERLY M. 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FINAL REPORT FEBRUARY 2005 PAGE ii SURVEY FINDINGS LUNEBURG COUNTY DATABASE HOLDINGS ................................................ 70 ANALYSIS OF SURVEY FINDINGS .................................................................. 71 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................. 87 APPENDIX 1: PHOTOGRAPHIC INVENTORY ........................................................... 92 APPENDIX 2: VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HISTORIC RESOURCES THEMES AND DEFINITIONS .......................................................................... 160 APPENDIX 3: LUNENBURG COUNTY INVENTORIES ............................................. 168 INDEX OF ALL PROPERTIES - ALPHEBETICALLY ....................................... 195 APPENDIX 4: LIST OF CRAFTSMEN ........................................................................ 208 APPENDIX 5: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE ............................................. 213 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 216 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 225 AN ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF LUNENBURG COUNTY, VIRGINIA KIMBERLY M. CHEN & ASSOCIATES, INC. FINAL REPORT FEBRUARY 2005 PAGE iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Map of the Original Area Embraced by Lunenburg County, Virginia, 1746 ...... 3 Figure 2: Map of Lunenburg County, 1749 ...................................................................... 4 Figure 3: Tobacco Warehouses in Virginia, 1765 ............................................................ 6 Figure 4: Tobacco Warehouses in Virginia, 1820 ............................................................ 8 Figure 5: Map of the Lunenburg Plank Road, ca. 1852 ................................................... 9 Figure 6: Map of Lunenburg County, 1859 .................................................................... 10 Figure 7: John B. Gaulding House, ca.1780... ............................................................... 16 Figure 8: Nelson House, ca.1770… .............................................................................. 17 Figure 9: Ravenscroft (Spring Bank), ca.1793… ........................................................... 17 Figure 10: Mantel at Woodlawn, ca.1818… .................................................................. 18 Figure 11: Antioch Church, 1857… ............................................................................... 19 Figure 12: Hart Place, ca. 1840… ................................................................................. 20 Figure 13: Hethorn-Bagley House, 1902 ....................................................................... 21 Figure 14: Episcopal Church of St. Paul and St. Andrew, 1917 .................................... 21 Figure 15: Victoria Baptist Church, 1923 ....................................................................... 22 Figure 16: C. P. Nelson House, 1909 ............................................................................ 22 Figure 17: Ravenscroft (Spring Bank), 1793 ................................................................. 24 Figure 18: Lunenburg County Courthouse, 1827 .......................................................... 26 Figure 19: Brickland was constructed in two phases, the left side in 1818 and the right side in 1822 ................................................................................................... 27 Figure 20: Cornice at Brickland, ca. 1818 ..................................................................... 28 Figure 21: Plate XVIL, William Pain, The Practical Builder or Workmen’s General Assistant........................................................................................................ 28 Figure 22: Plate XXIX, William Pain, The Practical Builder or Workmen’s General Assistant........................................................................................................ 28 Figure 23: Plate 37, Asher Benjamin, The American Builder’s Companion ................... 29 Figure 24: Parlor Mantel at Brickland, ca. 1818 ............................................................ 29 Figure 25: Parlor Mantel at Brickland, ca. 1822 ............................................................ 29 Figure 26: Entrance at Brickland, ca. 1818. .................................................................. 29 Figure 27: Entrance at Brickland, ca. 1822 ................................................................... 29 Figure 28: Plate 38, Asher Benjamin, The American Builder’s Companion ................... 29 Figure 29: Plate 48, Asher Benjamin, The American Builder’s Companion ................... 30 Figure 30: Elliptical Stair at Brickland, ca. 1822 ............................................................ 30 Figure 31: Parlor at Brickland, ca. 1822 ........................................................................ 30 Figure 32: Plate 39, Asher Benjamin, The American Builder’s Companion ................... 30 AN ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF LUNENBURG COUNTY, VIRGINIA KIMBERLY M. CHEN & ASSOCIATES, INC. FINAL REPORT FEBRUARY 2005 PAGE iv Figure 33: Rotherwood, Price Edward County, ca. 1840 ............................................... 31 Figure 34: Plate 30, Owen Biddle, Young Carpenter’s Assistant .................................. 32 Figure 35: Plate 19, Owen Biddle, Young Carpenter’s Assistant .................................. 32 Figure 36: Oak Ridge, ca. 1830 .................................................................................... 33 Figure 37: Mantel, Entrance, and Stair at Rotherwood, ca. 1840 .................................. 34 Figure 38: Stair, Mantel, and Entrance at Oak Ridge, ca. 1830 ................................... 34 Figure 39: William Ranlett, The Architect ...................................................................... 35 Figure 40: Elmwood, Holt inspired porch added ca. 1870 ............................................. 35 Figure 41: Rock Hill, Holt inspired, ca. 1870 ................................................................. 36 Figure 42: Entrance at Vine Hill, Franklin County, North Carolina, built by Jacob Holt, 1856 .............................................................................................................