Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química ISSN: 1665-2738 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa México Gómez, A.; Zacarías, A.; Venegas, M.; Vargas, R.O.; Carvajal, I.; Aguilar, J.R. MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF AN OTTO CYCLE USING THE ETHANOL- GASOLINE BLEND Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, vol. 16, núm. 3, 2017, pp. 1065-1075 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=62053304030 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Vol. 16, No. 3 (2017) 1065-1075 Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química CONTENIDO MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF AN OTTO CYCLE USING THE Volumen 8, númeroETHANOL-GASOLINE 3, 2009 / Volume 8, number BLEND 3, 2009 MODELADO Y OPTIMIZACION´ DE UN CICLO OTTO UTILIZANDO LA MEZCLA ETANOL-GASOLINA 213 Derivation and application of the Stefan-Maxwell equations A. Gomez´ 1, A. Zacar´ıas1*, M. Venegas2, R.O. Vargas1, I. Carvajal3, J.R. Aguilar1 1 Instituto Polit´ecnicoNacional, (Desarrollo ESIME y aplicación Azcapotzalco. de las ecuaciones Avenida de de Stefan-Maxwell) las Granjas 682, Santa Catarina, 02250 Ciudad de M´exico, Mexico. Stephen Whitaker 2Departamento de Ingenier´ıaT´ermicay de Fluidos, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911, Legan´es, Madrid, Spain. 3 BiotecnologíaInstituto Polit´ecnicoNacional, / Biotechnology ESIME, UPALM, Ciudad de M´exico07738, M´exico Received: April 9, 2017; Accepted: July 29, 2017 245 Modelado de la biodegradación en biorreactores de lodos de hidrocarburos totales del petróleo Abstract intemperizados en suelos y sedimentos The use of bio-fuels, like bio-ethanol mixed with gasoline, is growing interest in the automotive industry, to reduce the fossil fuels dependence. However, (Biodegradation the air/fuel ratiomodeling for any of sludge blend isbioreactors not found of in total the petroleum literature. hydrocarbons It is found only weathering for specific in soil values such as: E10, E50 and E85 forand example. sediments) For this reason, in the present work a mathematical model is presented to determine the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio of the ethanol-gasoline blend in the range between 0% to 100% of ethanol molar percentage in the S.A. Medina-Moreno, S. Huerta-Ochoa, C.A. Lucho-Constantino, L. Aguilera-Vázquez, A. Jiménez- blend. The model is based on combustion chemical analysis for any composition ethanol-gasoline. The optimum compression González y M. Gutiérrez-Rojas ratio for maximum network is also obtained, considering isentropic processes during compression and expansion. The analysis of the Otto cycle with the259 air Crecimiento,/fuel model sobrevivencia and optimum y compressionadaptación de ratioBifidobacterium is developed. infantis Results a condiciones show that ácidas the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio of the blend ethanol-gasoline is not linear. The maximum difference between air/fuel ratios predicted and experimentally (Growth, survival and adaptation of Bifidobacterium infantis to acidic conditions) reported is 7% in the whole range of the blend. The analysis of the Otto cycle, using the equation derived shows that the power L. Mayorga-Reyes, P. Bustamante-Camilo, A. Gutiérrez-Nava, E. Barranco-Florido y A. Azaola- and the torque decrease when the ethanol mole fraction grows. The equations obtained in this work can be used to predict the performance of internal combustionEspinosa engines using the ethanol-gasoline blend in the continuous range of ethanol molar percentage between 0% and 100%.265 Statistical approach to optimization of ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Keywords: modeling, Otto cycle, ethanol-gasoline blend. presence of Valfor® zeolite NaA Resumen La relacion´ aire/combustible (Optimización para cualquier estadística mezcla de no la estfermentacióna´ reportada etanólica en la literatura, de Saccharomyces solo´ para valorescerevisiae espec en ´ıficos.presencia En de este trabajo, se presenta un modelo matemzeolitaatico´ Valfor® para zeolite determinar NaA) la relacion´ estequiometrica´ aire/combustible de la mezcla etanol-gasolina en el intervalo de 0% a 100%G. del Inei-Shizukawa, porcentaje molar H. A. deVelasco-Bedrán, etanol en la mezcla. G. F. Gutiérrez-López El modelo se basa and enH. Hernández-Sánchez el analisis´ qu´ımico de la combustion´ para cualquier composici on´ etanol-gasolina. Tambien´ se obtiene la relacion´ de compresion´ optima´ para el trabajo neto maximo,´ considerando procesos isentropicos´ durante la compresion´ y la expansion.´ Se realiza el analisis´ del ciclo Otto con el modelo Ingeniería de procesos / Process engineering aire/combustible y la relacion´ de compresion´ optima.´ Los resultados muestran que la relacion´ estequiometrica´ aire/combustible de la mezcla etanol-gasolina271 Localización no es lineal. de una La planta diferencia industrial: maxima´ Revisión reportada crítica entre y adecuación las relaciones de los aire criterios/combustible empleados que en se predicen y experimentales es de 7%esta en decisión todo el intervalo de la mezcla. El analisis´ del ciclo Otto, utilizando la ecuacion´ derivada muestra que la potencia y el torque(Plant decrecen site selection: cuando Critical la fracci reviewon´ mol and deadequation etanol aumenta. criteria used Este in trabajothis decision) se puede utilizar para predecir el rendimiento de los motoresJ.R. de Medina, combusti R.L.on´ Romero interna y utilizando G.A. Pérez la mezcla etanol-gasolina en el intervalo continuo entre 0% y 100%. Palabras clave: modelado, ciclo Otto, mezcla etanol-gasolina. 1 Introduction performed by Rocha-Mart´ınez et al. (2002), while the desires properties for a rocket fuel were studied by Miranda (2003). The synthesis and characterization of perovskites for fuel cells as an alternative energy Deployment of fossil fuels has increased the interest source was analyzed by Chavez-Guerrero´ et al. in using new alternatives energy sources. Otto and (2003), while Carbon nanotubes produced from Diesel engine models with cyclic variability were * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Tel. 57296000 ext. 64511 Publicado por la Academia Mexicana de Investigacion´ y Docencia en Ingenier´ıa Qu´ımica A.C. 1065 G´omezet al./ Revista Mexicana deIngenier ´ıaQu ´ımica Vol. 16, No. 3 (2017) 1065-1075 hexane and ethanol has been used by Mendoza et al. gasoline blend; one of them is taking into account (2006). The use of bio-fuels, like biodiesel studied the volume percentage considering that for gasoline by Gonca and Dobrucali (2016) o bio-methanol and is 14.6 and for ethanol 9.0, according to Pulkrabek bio-ethanol mixed with gasoline, is getting growing (2003). On the other hand, as it can be observed in interest in the automotive industry, to reduce the Chen et al. (2012), the vaporization enthalpy respect fossil fuels dependence Murali et al. (2012). The to the fraction of ethanol in gasoline is linear when it use of ethanol blend gasoline is demonstrated also is based on the volume. On the contrary, its tendency by Yucesu¨ et al. (2006), who give results of the is quadratic if it is based on the molar mass. Further, ethanol use to reduce the gasoline consumption, the the air/fuel ratio for the ethanol-gasoline blend has emissions during the cold start up of a flex fuel been compiled in Kasseris (2011), based on different engine, the experimental determination of ethanol bibliographic data. There, the ratio is presented for physical properties, and the heat flux characteristics the mixtures E0, E10, E20, E50, E85 and E100 of spray wall impingement with ethanol, respectively. (the number represents the percentage of ethanol The economy and emissions of light vehicles, and the in gasoline). Further, the air/fuel ratio, AF, can be dynamic analysis of the supply chain feasibility for obtained by different ways as discussed briefly in the the ethanol-gasoline mixture in Mexico, are shown in following: Hernandez´ et al. (2014). The use of this fuels blendin motorcycles was reported by Yao et al. (2013), where 1. By means of chemical analysis, considering: the authors show the good results obtained. flame velocity, problem geometry, mass flow rate, time, species concentration, etc. The air/fuel ratio is of significant importance This analysis is complex, due to partial for the analysis and measurement of combustion, differential equations are coupled and they as shown by Clements and Smy (1976) for the require numerical solution. This process may measurement of the ionization density. Someone increase the cost of the research, mainly for papers have been found on this issue. Polymeropoulos the computing time that can be excessive. and Sernas (1977) determined the droplet size and This makes difficult the determination of the et al the fuel-air ratio for a spray, Deadmore . (1979) air/fuel ratio in the entire range of ethanol studied the effect of fuel-to-air ratio on burner rig hot mole fractions. This method is useful to find corrosion, Desoky and Rabie (1983) showed the fuel experimentally the air/fuel ratio. economy benefits of using alcohols gasoline blends when experimental investigations were carried out 2. Experimentally, by two different ways: a) using to judge the performance of small spark ignition the Brettschneider’s equation Brettschneider engines running on