László Jeney – Dávid Karácsonyi (eds.) Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies, Corvinus Univ. of Budapest Geographical Institute, RCAES Hungarian Academy of Sciences Faculty of Geography, Belarusian State University Institute for Nature Management, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Minsk and Budapest, the two capital cities Selected studies of post-socialist urban geography and ecological problems of urban areas The publication was supported by Department of Economic Geography and Future Studies of Corvinus University of Budapest, by International Visegrad Fund and by the bilateral agreement on researcher’s mobility between Hungarian Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (project title: Scientific Preparation of Book-Atlas “Belarus in Maps”). László Jeney – Dávid Karácsonyi (eds.) Minsk and Budapest, the two capital cities Selected studies of post-socialist urban geography and ecological problems of urban areas Geographical Institute, RCAES Institute for Nature Management, Hungarian Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Department of Economic Faculty of Geography, Geography and Futures Studies, Belarusian State University Corvinus University of Budapest Budapest – Minsk, 2015 Edited by: László Jeney Dávid Karácsonyi Scientific review: István Tózsa English proofreading: Mária Sándori Cover design: Dávid Karácsonyi László Jeney Typography: László Jeney Budapest–Minsk 2015 ISBN 978-963-503-591-5 Printed in Hungary by Duna-Mix Publishers: István Tózsa and Péter Ábrahám © Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies, Corvinus University of Budapest, 2015 © Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the publishers. Authors: ANTIPOVA, EKATERINA: Faculty of Geography, BSU professor Erőss, ÁgnEs: Geographical Institute, RCAES HAS junior research fellow FAKEYEVA, LIUDMIla: Faculty of Geography, BSU associate professor JEnEy, LÁszLó: Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies, CUB senior lecturer KaKarEKa, sErgEy: Institute for Nature Management, NASB associate professor KarÁcsonyi, DÁviD: Geographical Institute, RCAES HAS research fellow Khomich, vaLEry: Institute for Nature Management, NASB associate professor KOROTAYEV, VlaDIMIR: Faculty of Geography, BSU PhD student KovÁcs, zoLtÁn: Geographical Institute, RCAES HAS, scientific advisor, Dept. of Economic and Social Geography, Univ. of Szeged, professor KrauchuK, LuDmiLa: Institute for Nature Management, NASB leading researcher KuKharchyK, tamara: Institute for Nature Management, NASB associate professor, chief researcher Loginov, vLaDimir: Institute for Nature Management, NASB academician, chief researcher oziEm, hEnryK: Faculty of Geography, BSU associate professor PirozhniK, ivan: Faculty of Geography, BSU professor ProbÁLD, FErEnc: Center of Geography, Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest professor emeritus struK, miKhaiL: Institute for Nature Management, NASB associate professor, leading researcher szabó, baLÁzs: Geographical Institute, RCAES HAS junior research fellow BSU: Belarusian State University CUB: Corvinus University of Budapest NASB: National Academy of Sciences of Belarus RCAES HAS: Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Table of contents I. Instead of an introduction: Minsk and Budapest – a basic compare .......................................................................................... 11 Part A: Socio-economic development .......................... 17 II. Budapest a Central European metropolis: historical trajectories and post-socialist transformation ............................ 19 II.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 19 II.2. The main phases of urban development before 1990 ............................... 20 II.2.1. Budapest between the unification and World War I.......................... 20 II.2.2. The interwar period ........................................................................... 21 II.2.3. Urban development during state socialism ....................................... 22 II.3. Main factors influencing the post-socialist urban development in Budapest ....................................................................................................... 25 II.3.1. Administration and planning ............................................................ 25 II.3.2. Economic restructuring ..................................................................... 26 II.3.3. Transformation of the housing market .............................................. 27 II.4. The socio–spatial structure of Budapest ................................................... 28 II.4.1. The City ............................................................................................ 30 II.4.2. Inner-urban residential quarter ......................................................... 31 II.4.3. Zone of transition .............................................................................. 31 II.4.4. Housing estates ................................................................................. 32 II.4.5. Zone of garden cities ........................................................................ 33 II.4.6. Villa-quarter of Buda ........................................................................ 34 II.4.7. Suburban zone .................................................................................. 34 II.5. Main features of urban transformation after 1990 .................................... 35 II.5.1. City centre – explosion of business functions .................................. 37 II.5.2. Inner-urban residential quarters – up- and down-grading ................ 38 II.5.3. Zone of transition – slow conversion ............................................... 40 II.5.4. Housing estates – time bomb of communism ................................... 41 II.5.5. Zone of garden cities – new dynamism ............................................ 41 II.5.6. Villa quarter of Buda – ageing wealth .............................................. 42 II.5.7. Zone of agglomeration – limitless urban sprawl .............................. 43 II.6. Conclusions .............................................................................................. 45 II.7. References ................................................................................................ 46 7 Minsk & Budapest, the two capital cities III. Major issues of spatial structure planning of Minsk ........... 49 III.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 49 III.2. Minsk – a basis of economic power of the country ................................ 50 III.3. Minsk – the heritage of socialist era industrialization ............................ 53 III.4. Social diversity of Minsk ........................................................................ 57 III.5. History and Perspectives of the Minsk Spatial Structure ........................ 60 III.6. The beginning of a new transformation of Minsk ................................... 68 III.7. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 68 III.8. References ............................................................................................... 69 IV. Spatial and temporal differentiation of demographic development of Minsk................................................................... 71 IV.1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 71 IV.2. Dynamics and factors of demographic development of Minsk ............... 73 IV.3. The natural increase in the population dynamics and spatial structure formation in Minsk ........................................................................................... 76 IV.4. Migration factor in the population dynamics and spatial structure of Minsk ................................................................................................................ 85 IV.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 92 IV.6. References ............................................................................................... 93 V. Main features of large housing estates and the results of their rehabilitation in Budapest ������������������������������������������������95 V.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 95 V.2. Main specificities of large housing estates: comparison of Western and Central European examples .............................................................................. 96 V.3. Brief history of large housing estates in Budapest ................................... 99 V.4. Survey method and classification ........................................................... 101 V.5. Dimensions of renovation at housing estates .......................................... 102 V.6. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 109 V.7. References ..............................................................................................