ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATIONS AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE RIPARIANS ON ACCESS TO FRESH WATER, FISHING AND ASSOCIATED RESOURCES IN THE TAPAJÓS RIVER BASIN December 2020 Copyright © 2020 – The Nature Conservancy All rights in this publication are reserved by The Nature Conservancy TNC Executive Director: Ian Thompson Conservation Director: Rodrigo Spuri Director of Science: Edenise Garcia Manager for Public Policy and Government Relations: Karen Oliveira ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- General Coordination Karen Oliveira Manager for Public Policy and Government Relations Scientific Coordination Edenise Garcia Science Director Mariana Soares Science Specialist Technical Coordination Juliana Simões Institutional Development Specialist Lucilene Amaral Conservation Specialist This Report is part of the Tapajós River: Engaging Communities and Protecting Reshwater Ecosystems Project ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATIONS AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE RIPARIANS ON ACCESS TO FRESH WATER, FISHING AND ASSOCIATED RESOURCES IN THE TAPAJÓS RIVER BASIN TECHNICAL TEAM Cássio Alves Pereira (INIAMA) Ádria Oliveira dos Santos (INIAMA) David McGrath (Earth Innovation Institute and UFOPA) José Heder Benatti (Professor UFPA) Renã Margalho (Doctoral student PPGD/UFPA) TECHNICAL SUPPORT Antonia do Socorro Pena da Gama (UFOPA) Review: Sâmela Cristima da Silva Bonfim Translation: Everaldo de Souza Martins Neto ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATIONS AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE RIPARIANS ON ACCESS TO FRESH WATER, FISHING AND ASSOCIATED RESOURCES IN THE TAPAJÓS RIVER BASIN TECHNICAL TEAM Cássio Alves Pereira (INIAMA) Ádria Oliveira dos Santos (INIAMA) David McGrath (Earth Innovation Institute and UFOPA) José Heder Benatti (Professor UFPA) Renã Margalho (Doctoral student PPGD/UFPA) TECHNICAL SUPPORT Antônia do Socorro Pena da Gama (UFOPA) 2020 LIST OF PICTURES, CHARTS AND GRAPHS Figure 1 - Classification of the Tapajós River basin zones according to their occupation history and socioeconomic and environmental dynamics. ........................................... 8 Figure 2 - Map of location of the Tapajós River basin in Pará with its land units, hydrography and main roads and communities. ........................................................ 14 Figure 3 - Participatory mapping of the community of Pimental, municipality of Trairão. .................................................................................................................................. 17 Figure 4 - Location of the Pimental Community in the Tapajós River Basin. ............. 67 Figure 5 - Generator Sets. Source: Apiakás association collection. ......................... 73 Figure 6 - Amazon wells and pumping system. Source: Pimental community association collection. ............................................................................................... 74 Figure 7 - Species captured and traded in the Pimental community. Source: Field activity of this study ................................................................................................... 76 Figure 8 - Examples of the Loricariidae family present in the Tapajós River. Source: Sousa, 2019. ............................................................................................................. 77 Figure 9 - Location of the Solimões community in the Tapajós River basin .............. 82 Chart 1 - Social Groups, Types of Retirement and Land Situation in Federal Public Lands. ....................................................................................................................... 24 Chart 2 - Legal category for the recognition of the seizure of indigenous peoples and traditional communities. ............................................................................................. 25 Chart 3 – Legal geographical elements that affect the traditional territory of the riverside .................................................................................................................................. 27 Chart 4 - Situation of the Autonomy of Traditional Peoples and Communities in the Management of their Territories ................................................................................ 33 Chart 5 - Main uses and sources of fresh water in the riverside communities of the Tapajós River basin. .................................................................................................. 35 Chart 6 - Economic activities and main social and environmental impacts in the Tapajós River basin. ............................................................................................................... 36 Chart 7 - Lakes located near the community / village Solimões. Source: Sapopema. .................................................................................................................................. 89 Graph 1 - Capture of fish carried out in the pilot experience of the Citizen Science Project. Source: Sapopema....................................................................................... 89 SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 7 1.1 The Tapajós River basin and its occupation history .................................... 7 1.1.1 Occupancy zones. ...................................................................................... 7 1.1.1 Occupation history ................................................................................... 9 1.1.3 Historical characteristics of socioeconomic and environmental dynamics 10 1.1.4 Strengthening socio-environmentalism in the Tapajós River basin .......... 11 1.1.5 Indigenous populations of the lower Tapajós: oppression, miscegenation and reorganization ............................................................................................ 11 1.2 Abundance of natural resources and the challenges of sustainable development in the Tapajós River basin ........................................................... 12 2 STUDY OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................... 13 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Study Areas ................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Methodological Procedures ......................................................................... 16 4 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES OF THE TAPAJÓS RIVER BASIN AND DEFINITION AS SOCIAL SUBJECTS ................... 18 4.1 The Meaning of Indigenous Peoples and Traditional Communities Categories ............................................................................................................ 19 4.2 Riverine Populations..................................................................................... 22 4.3 Traditional Territory, Indigenous Peoples and Traditional Communities 23 4.4 Land Categories and the Recognition of Territorial Rights ....................... 24 4.5 Autonomy in the Management of Natural Resources ................................ 29 5 DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND THE ROLE OF LEGISLATION IN RELATION TO FRESH WATER RIGHTS, FISHING AND ITS ASSOCIATED RESOURCES .... 34 5.1 Main uses of water and associated resources and their challenges for management of the Tapajós River basin........................................................... 35 5.2 Water regulation and dominance ................................................................. 37 5.3 Legal framework, multiple uses and the rights to fresh water and resources associated with riverine areas ........................................................................... 38 5.3.1 Federal and riverine legislation ................................................................ 38 5.3.2 The legislation of the State of Pará and the riverside areas ..................... 45 6 ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATION .............................................................................. 47 6.1 Laws on community water rights ................................................................. 48 6.1.1 Water withdrawal/use ............................................................................... 48 6.1.2 Administration/Governance ...................................................................... 50 6.1.3 Transfer of Rights ..................................................................................... 51 6.1.4 Exclusion .................................................................................................. 51 6.1.5 Due Process and Compensation: ............................................................. 52 6.1.6 Indigenous and Rural Women's Rights as Special Focus of Legal Attention .......................................................................................................................... 52 6.1.7 Legislation on Water Reserved for Ecological Results .......................... 57 6.2 Adherence and law enforcement ................................................................. 57 6.3 Fishing Laws ................................................................................................. 58 6.3.1 Use of Fishing Resources ........................................................................ 59 6.3.2 Fisheries Management ............................................................................. 60 6.3.3 Transfer of Rights ....................................................................................