Issue 1(11), 2018 MYTHS MYTHS NEWS TARGET AUDIENCE GEORGIA IMAGE INFLUENCE ESTONIA NARRATIVES MEDIA DISINFORMATION CRISIS HISTORY INFORMATION PROPAGANDA HISTORY COMMUNICATIONS RUSSIA IMAGE UKRAINE MOLDOVA OPERATIONS NEWS FAKE NEWS EUROPE TURKEY INFLUENCE INFORMATION TV MYTHS UA: Ukraine CRISISAnalytica · 1 (11), 2018 • DISINFORMATION CAMPAIGNS • FAKE NEWS • INFLUENCE OPERATIONS 1 BOARD OF ADVISERS Dr. Dimitar Bechev (Bulgaria, Director of the European Policy Institute) Issue 1 (11), 2018 Dr. Iulian Chifu Analysis and Early Warning Center) (Romania, Director of the Conflict Propaganda Amb., Dr. Sergiy Korsunsky (Ukraine, Director of the Diplomatic Academy under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine) Dr. Igor Koval (Ukraine, Rector of Odessa National Editors University by I.I. Mechnikov) Dr. Hanna Shelest Dr. Mykola Kapitonenko Amb., Dr. Sergey Minasyan (Armenia, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Armenia to Romania) Publisher: Published by NGO “Promotion of Intercultural Marcel Rothig (Germany, Director of the Cooperation” (Ukraine), Centre of International Representation of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Ukraine) of the Representation of the Friedrich Ebert Studies (Ukraine), with the financial support Foundation in Ukraine, and the Black Sea Trust. James Nixey (United Kingdom, Head of the Russia and Eurasia Programme at Chatham House, the UA: Ukraine Analytica Royal Institute of International Affairs) analytical journal in English on International is the first Ukrainian Relations, Politics and Economics. The journal Dr. Róbert Ondrejcsák (Slovakia, State Secretary, is aimed for experts, diplomats, academics, Ministry of Defence) students interested in the international relations and Ukraine in particular. Amb., Dr. Oleg Shamshur (Ukraine, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine Contacts: to France) website: http://ukraine-analytica.org/ e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Stephan De Spiegeleire (The Netherlands, Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ Director Defence Transformation at The Hague ukraineanalytica Center for Strategic Studies) Twitter: https://twitter.com/UA_Analytica Ivanna Klympush-Tsintsadze (Ukraine, Vice- The views and opinions expressed in Prime Minister on European and Euroatlantic articles are those of the authors and do not Integration of Ukraine) Analytica, its editors, Board of Advisors or Dr. Dimitris Triantaphyllou (Greece, Director necessarily reflect the position of UA: Ukraine donors. of the Center for International and European Studies, Kadir Has University (Turkey)) ISSN 2518-7481 500 copies Dr. Asle Toje (Norway, Research Director at the Norwegian Nobel Institute) UA: Ukraine Analytica · 1 (11), 2018 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS NATO IN THE NEW HYBRID WARFARE ENVIRONMENT 3 Barbora Maronkova FACING THE RUSSIAN SCHOOL OF SOFT POWER 9 Tony Jensen IMAGE OF EUROPE IN RUSSIAN MEDIA: JOURNALISM OR CREATION OF ENEMY IMAGE? 19 Liubov Tsybulska THE KREMLIN’S INFORMATION WARS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: ESTONIA, GEORGIA, UKRAINE 27 Maksym Kyiak RUSSIAN PROPAGANDA IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA: A BIG WAR FOR A SMALL AUDIENCE 36 Vladislav Saran STOKING THE FLAMES: RUSSIAN INFORMATION OPERATIONS IN TURKEY 43 Balkan Devlen CARNIVALISATION OF CARNIVAL 50 Volha Damarad COUNTERING RUSSIAN DISINFORMATION: UKRAINIAN NGOS ON THE FRONTLINE 59 Olena Churanova 2 UA: Ukraine Analytica · 1 (11), 2018 CARNIVALISATION OF CARNIVAL Volha Damarad Johan Skytte Institute of Political Studies, University of Tartu (Estonia) The article presents a historical overview of political satire shows from the USSR period (both TV and print) and contemporary political satire TV shows. Particular concern was given to the existing Russian TV shows and Russian- language political satire shows popular on Facebook and YouTube (Derzhites’ Tam, Laisvės TV, Lithuania, and Zapovednik, DW, Germany). Bakhtin’s idea of the carnivalesque was used to exemplify the reproduction of the Soviet narratives in the modern political satire selected for the analysis (“carnivalisation of carnival”). The Idea of the Carnivalesque and carnivalesque of a medieval carnival on culture and contemporary society).(as the idea of influence philosopher, introduced to the humanitarian scienceIn 1966, a Julia Russian Kristeva, linguist a Bulgarian-French previously not This article explores modern mainstream known to the Western countries. His name political satire shows on TV and in social was Mikhail Bakhtin. Right after Kristeva’s networks in Russia and Ukraine that make speech at the conference, Bakhtin’s ideas mockery of the political regimes and made a good start, resulting in a new ridicule prominent people in politics and school of thought called Bakhtin School culture, but at the same time contribute to or Bakhtiniada. There were two main the reproduction of the Soviet narratives. books – Problems of Dostoyevsky’s Poetics1 This is the carnivalisation of carnival and Rabelais and Folk Culture of the Middle (counter-carnivalisation)3 4 phenomenon. Ages and Renaissance2 – that introduced, The term carnivalisation of carnival was among others, the concepts of great time (as an enigmatic and idealistic time of great user with the name of cautious_man; the ideas and meanings), chronotope (a “time- authorused for explores the first in timetwo LiveJournalby a LiveJournal posts space” theory of synergy between language the evolution of post-perestroika carnival, and discourse), Mennippean satire (as the exemplifying it by the phenomenon of an power to satirize images and situations), alternative voice-over satiric and humorous 1 Проблемы поэтики Достоевского. 1963. Работы 1960-х-1970-х. (Problems of Dostoyevsky’s Poetics. 1963. Works of the 1960s-1970s.) М. Бахтин, 2 Франсуа Рабле в истории реализма. 1940. Материалы к книге о Рабле. 1930-1950-е гг. , Русские словари. Языки славянскои� культуры: Москва 2002, Vol. 6. Комментарии и приложения (François Rabelais in the History of Realism. 1940. Materials to the Book about Rabelais.М. Бахтин, 1930-1950s. Comments and Appendices) 3 cautious_man, Карнавализация карнавала, часть 1 (Carnivalisation of Carnival, Part 1), “Livejournal”, 2013, [https://eot-su.livejournal.com/865442.html]. , Языки славянских культур: Москва 2008, Vol. 4(1). 4 cautious_man, Карнавализация карнавала, часть 2 (Carnivalisation of Carnival, Part 2), “Livejournal”, 2013, [http://cautious-man.livejournal.com/41906.html]. 50 UA: Ukraine Analytica · 1 (11), 2018 translation of popular Hollywood movies peasants are experiencing food shortage (known as Goblin translations), activities and this is the last opportunity to eat enough of a popular Russian rock band “Leningrad” to survive before new food grows. Bakhtin led by Sergey Shnurov (known as Shnur), characterizes carnival as an “upside-down world” where laugh conquered fear and the who parodies a former Soviet dissident previous year’s fears are burned in carnival (Natanand a satiricalSharanski), fictional named Russian Lev Natanovich blogger Sharanski. All those examples have the it helps to release those fears (from the features of the carnivalesque, introduced by religiousfires. Laugh perspective plays the core– for element the committed because Bakhtin, but in a reverse sense. The idea of sins and not be released from them; and carnivalisation of carnival in political satire from anthropological – that there will be not TV shows is underlined in the article. enough food to survive, the fertile season will not come, the weather will be bad, etc.). Characteristics of the Carnivalesque Bakhtin concludes with two main elements of the concept of the carnivalesque – The nature of the carnivalesque is spectacularity (it should be an eye-catching multidimensional; it is mostly introduced in show, attracting the attention of public) literature, aesthetics, cultural anthropology, and the use of special language (usually it and semiotics. Analysing the writings of is a folksy language with vulgar and foul Fyodor Dostoyevsky and François Rabelais, expressions). Political satire is intended to Bakhtin pointed out a dichotomy – tragic play the same role – upside-down political events stand alongside with fun and joy; arena and society, pointing to the societal death goes together with life, war with weakness and provoking the societal moral peace, and heavens with hell. reform. Historically, carnival opens the festive season before the liturgical season of Political satire is intended to Lent and involves all kinds of celebrations play the same role – upside- to give the sense of social unity (street «down political arena and society, parades, fashion and music shows, public pointing to the societal weakness and performances, colourful decorations, provoking the societal moral reform costumes, dancing, body paintings, masquerades, circus, mockeries, confetti, etc.). Carnivals are traditionally popular in counties with a large Catholic, Evangelical During the Soviet time, political satire Lutheran, Protestant, Methodist, Anglican, was strictly censored. It was prohibited to and Orthodox presence. From religious publish media cartoons presenting political point of view, carnivals precede Lent leaders and the Party itself negatively, (Quadragesima) with fasting (strict food which might have destroyed their “sacral” and behavioural restrictions) and time image. The same rule was applicable to the “quietness” in which believers “replicate TV when it became massively available for the “average Soviet household”. Satirical the desert for 40 days”. novels such as The Twelve Chairs the sacrifice of Jesus