A D. H. LAWRENCE COMPANION By the same author ONE RARE FAIR WOMAN Thomas Hardy's letters to Florence Henniker 1893-1922 (edited with Evelyn Hardy) A COMMENTARY ON THE POEMS OF THOMAS HARDY THOMAS HARDY: ART AND THOUGHT Editedfor the New Wessex Edition THOMAS HARDY: TWO ON A TOWER THE STORIES OF THOMAS HARDY (3 vols) Edited for the Thomas Hardy Society THOMAS HARDY AND THE MODERN WORLD BUDMOUTH ESSAYS ON THOMAS HARDY THE THOMAS HARDY SOCIETY REVIEW (annual) A HARDY COMPANION A JANE AUSTEN COMPANION A BRONTE COMPANION A GEORGE ELIOT COMPANION A GEORGE ELIOT MISCELLANY A WORDSWORTH COMPANION A TENNYSON COMPANION A D. H. LAWRENCE COMPANION Life, Thought, and Works F. B. PINION M MACMILLAN © F. B. Pinion 1978 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1978 Reprinted 1984 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills. Basingstoke. Hampshire RG212XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Pinion. Francis Bertram A D. H. Lawrence Companion 1. Lawrence. David Herbert - Criticism and interpretation I. Title 823' .9' 12 PR6023.A93Z1 ISBN 978-1-349-02523-7 ISBN 978-1-349-02521-3 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-1-349-02521-3 Contents Maps and nlustrations page vi Reference Abbreviations ix Acknowledgments x Lawrence's Life 1 Thought-Adventures 65 The Poetry 93 Novels The White Peacock 127 The Trespasser 134 Sons and Lovers 139 The Rainbow 148 lVomen in Love 163 The Lost Girl 177 Aaron's Rod 182 Kangaroo 189 The Plumed Serpent 195 Lady Chatterley's Lover 205 Shorter Stories 218 Other ·Writings Fragments and an Introduction 249 Travel 256 The Plays 265 Literary Criticism 275 v Contents Postscript 285 Appendixes The Moon and the Rose 292 People and Places in the Novels 296 Select Bibliography 303 Lawrence Films 306 Index 307 Maps and Illustrations MAPS Lawrence's Eastwood 3 The Lawrence Country 9 Lawrence Places in the East Midlands 298-9 ILLUSTRATIONS between pages 148 and 149 1 (left) the Lawrence family. Children, left to right: Ada, Emily, George, David Herbert, Ernest (right) Mrs Lawrence, a few months before her death 2 Eastwood: (above left) Lawrence's birthplace, Victoria Street (above right) the British School, Albert Street, below the Con­ gregational Chapel (below) the Lawrences' home in the Hreach 3 (above) the colliery at Brinsley where Lawrence's father worked (below) Lamb Close 4 (above) Beauvale School (below) Beauvale Priory vi fllustrations 5 (above) Haggs Farm (below) the pond at Felley Mill 6 D. H. Lawrence: (left) on his twenty-first birthday (middle) in 1908, while at Nottingham University College (right) in 1912-13 7 (left) Jessie Chambers, from a photograph of the teaching staff at Underwood National School, 1907 (middle) Maurice Greiffenhagen's 'An Idyll' (right) a studio photograph of Louisa Burrows 8 Nottingham: (above) workroom at J. H. Haywood's, Castle Gate (middle) Goose Fair (below) University College 9 Cossall: (above) the church (middle) Louisa Burrows' home (Will and Anna Brangwen's) (below) Marsh Farm (also in The Rainbow) 10 (above left) The Rev. Rodolph von Hube of Greasley (above right) Frieda Weekley in Bavarian costume, 1913 (below left) Professor Ernest Weekley (below right) William Hopkin 11 (above left) Southwell Minster: 'the dogged leaping forward of the persistent human soul, on and on, nobody knows where' (above right) Lincoln Cathedral: the perpendicular lines and the Gothic arch which 'leapt up at heaven and touched the ecstasy and lost itself in the divine' (below lift) Lawrence's Rainbow sketch (the letters on the coal trucks are B 'Y & Co: Barber, Walker and Co) (below right) Garsington Manor 12 (above left) Lady Ottoline Morrell (below left) the Lawrences' cottage at Greatham, Sussex (right) the Hon. Dorothy Brett 13 (left) on Lake Chapala, Mexico, 1923 (right) market scene by the steps leading to the Church of Soledad, Oaxaca, Mexico, December 1924, Lawrence and Frieda in the centre foreground vii nlustrations 14 Kiowa Ranch: (above left) the kitchen (above right) the adobe oven at the back (below left) Lawrence with two of the ranch horses (below right) with Susan, the black cow, Frieda's nephew assisting 15 (above left) Villa Bernarda, Spotorno (above right) with Ada Lawrence at Mablethorpe in 1926 (below) in the sun near Villa Mirenda, Scandicci; under this tree part of Lady Chatterley's Lover was written 16 (above) Lawrence's grave at Vence (below) his memorial chapel, with Frieda's tomb in front (left), at Kiowa Ranch viii Reference Abbreviations Novels AR Aaron's Rod R The &inbow K Kangaroo SL Sons and Lovers LC Lady Chatterley's Lover T The Trespasser LG The Lost Girl WL Women in Love PS The Plumed Serpent WP The White Peacock Travel and Miscellanea EP Etruscan Places SS Sea and Sardinia MM Mornings in Mexico TI Twilight in Italy Ap Apocalypse Fan Fantasia of the Unconscious St.Am. Studies in Classic American Literature Collections CP The Complete Poems of D. H. Lawrence (two volumes, ed. V. de Sola Pinto and '-Iv. Roberts), London, 1972 P Phoenix, The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence (ed. E. D. McDonald), London, 1970 P2 Phoenix II, Uncollected, Unpublished and Other Prose Works by D. H. Lawrence (ed. Y'Y. Roberts and H. T. Moore), London, 1968 Letters References are given by dates (e.g. 1.ii.15, ?26.i.25) as in The Collected Letters of D. H. Lawrence (two volumes, ed. H. T. Moore), London, 1962 CL Used for the above when dates are very uncertain HL Aldous Huxley (ed.), The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, London, 1932 ix Acknowledgments More than forty years have passed since a visit to Beauvale Priory and recognition of 'Nethermere' led me to Felley Mill and Haggs Farm. Inevitably, when pursuing Lawrence investigations in Eastwood, I was directed to Mr William Hopkin's shop, almost opposite the premises which had once been London House, the original of Manchester House in The Lost Girl. Mr Hopkin could not have been more helpful. He not only answered my inquiries; he showed me a number of places connected with the Lawrence family, took me into the Congregational Chapel, and invited me to his home. His generosity and stimulating conversation then and on subsequent occasions have not been forgotten; nor the unfailing hospitality of his wife Olive, to whom I am most grateful for assistance in recent years, especially on topographical questions relative to Lawrence's fiction. My greatest literary indebtedness is to Professor H. T. Moore. The value of his biographical study The Priest of Love as a reference book has been exceeded only by that of his two-volume edition of Lawrence's letters. For assisting my research at various biographical points I am particu­ larly indebted to Mrs J. Drury of the County Library, Nottingham; Mrs Ellen S. Dunlap, Research Librarian of the University of Texas; and Miss Lucy I. Edwards, M.B.E., formerly head of the Department of Local Studies at the Nottingham City Library. Obligations are cordially acknowledged to Miss R. Wells and Mr D. Jones of the University Library, Sheffield; Mr P. R. Morley, Mr W. Thornhill, and Mr B. E. Coates of the University of Sheffield; Michael Bennett, Librarian, Eastwood; James A. Stone, Director of Education, Nottinghamshire, and Miss Christine H. Shinn, administrative assistant in the University of Nottingham School of Education; Charles Dunbar, x Acknowledgments F.C.I.T., and Mrs Phyllis Humpidge; Michael Hudson of the Sheffield City Libraries; Miss Challice B. Reed of the B.B.C., and Peter Seward of the British Film Institute; Professor H. Orel of the University of Kansas; Professor David Farmer, Assistant Director, Humanities Research Center, the University of Texas; and Professor David De Laura for kindly examining and recommending suitable illustrations from the Lawrence collection at that university. For permission to reproduce illustrations I gratefully acknowledge obligations to a member of the Lawrence family who prefers to remain anonymous (no. 1 right); to Professor J. T. Boulton (7 right); the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool (7 middle); Laurence Pollinger Ltd (10 above right); the University of Texas (13 left and right, 14 above left and right, 14 below left, 15 above left; and, with the approval of Professor H. T. Moore, 11 below left, 14 below right, 15 below, and 16 above). 11 above left and right are taken from Francis Bond, The Cathedrals of England and Wales, London, 1912. With the exception of 16 below (the author's), all the remaining photographs have been supplied, with generous per­ mission to reproduce them, by the Nottinghamshire County Library. Special acknowledgments are made to T. M. Farmiloe and Allan Aslett for their co-operation on behalf of the publishers, and to my wife for assistance with proof-checking, and much more for critical attention to the text at various stages in its development. The author and publisher wish to thank the following who have kindly given permission for the use of copyright material from the works of D. H. Lawrence: Laurence Pollinger Limited, on behalf of the Estate of the late Mrs Frieda Lawrence Ravagli, for extracts from Lady Chatterley's Lover and 'The Flying Fish'; Laurence Pollinger Limited, on behalf of the Estate of the late Mrs Frieda Lawrence Ravagli, and Alfred A.