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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 CENTRAL-LOCAL POLITICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN POST­ MAO CHINA: A STUDY OF RECRUITMENT POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN WUHAN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By James Z. Lee B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by R. W. Liddle Kevin J. O'Brien Pradeep Chhibber Adviser Department of Political Science Copyright by James Z. Lee 1993 To My Family ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express sincere appreciation to my dissertation reading committee, including Professors R. William Liddle, Kevin J. O'Brien and Pradeep Chhibber. Special thanks go to Professor O'Brien for his patience and the time he spent guiding through my program of study and the dissertation. I also thank all of the professors in the Department of Political Science who taught me so very much over the course of my graduate career. I thank WOSU for five years of assistantship support which enabled me to pursue my graduate studies. Dale K. Ouzts, both as mentor and friend, has provided invaluable spiritual and moral support and I will always cherish our friendship. I thank OSU's College of Education and the Reading Recovery Program for two years of valuable assistantship support. I also thank Nancy Graham for her help during my course of study. I acknowledge those friends who helped me contend with the many vicissitudes of my graduate studies and the dissertation process. I want first to express my indebtedness and deep appreciation to Dr. Michael Franz Roehrig for his enormous contributions, both intellectual and linguistic, to the completion of this study. I thank Dr. Gregory A. Levitt for polishing the language on many papers and helping with numerous assignments during my years as a graduate student and for continued encouragement during the dissertation process. Li Lianjiang has also contributed valuable insight concerning my dissertation. I also want to thank my good friends, iii Andre A. Buckles, Ron P. Sexton, Phil and Mary Wilcox, Mike and Jeanine Lepp, Dwayne and Gloria Flemming, all of whom in one way or another contributed to this endeavor. I am also greatly indebted to all those friends in China who provided valuable information and insight for this dissertation. Without their support, the completion of this research project would be inconceivable. Finally, I thank my family. There are no words to express sufficiently my gratitude to my wife, Lisa L. Lee. Over the course of many years, she spent countless days, evenings, and nights taking care o:' many important details of my life while I struggled through the trials of my graduate studies. Then, during the dissertation, which required me to spend many months abroad, she bore the brunt of minding many tedious and challenging matters, while raising, our two lovely children with deep love and many sacrifices. To our children, Jamie and James Jr., who contended with my many absences, I now hope to be able to provide a better life as a result of this monumental struggle. My Mother has also been a source of immeasurable strength throughout my life. Her love and support have been just as crucial to the successful completion of my doctorate as they were when she was raising me as a child in China. I fully acknowledge the hardships that she bore in raising four children after the death of my Father in 1971 and my gratitude to her is infinite. In addition to my own family, Lisa's family has also helped me endure the hardships of my graduate studies. To them I also express my sincere thanks. To all of the people, both mentioned and unmentioned above, who helped me through this process, I express my heartfelt thanks. Without their support, I could not have completed this project. It is my sincere hope that the completion of this part of my life will open many more opportunities for greater achievements in the future, the fruits of which we will all be able to share. v VITA June 22, 1955 .................Bom, Nanjing, P.R. China August 1976................... B.A., Wuhan University, P.R. China Major: English Language and Literature July 1984....................... M.A., Beijing Broadcasting Institute, P.R. China Major: Journalism December 1989............. M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Major: Comparative Politics Minor: International Political Economy FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Political Science Comparative Politics Developing Nations Communist Systems(Chinese Politics) Minor Field: International Relations International Political Economy TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DEDICATION............................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................... iii VITA....................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................ x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1 1. The Research Question and Its Significance ................................ 1 2. Literature Review & Project Contributions................................. 7 3. Scope................................................................................................ 14 4. Methodology .................................................................................... 15 5. Structure and Hypothesis............................................................... 19 II. NATIONAL POST-MAO CADRE RECRUITMENT POLICY & LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION IN WUHAN............................... 22 1. National Post-Mao Recruitment Policy......................................... 22 2. Local Implementation of Cadre Policy: The Case of Wuhan 30 3. Summary of Pattern Behavior..................................................... 58 III. ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROL: STRUCTURE & PROCESS AS DETERMINANTS OF LOCAL COMPLIANCE................... 61 1. Introduction..................................................................................... 61 2. The Structural Characteristics: Preventing Localism & Ensuring Implementation.............................................................. 67 3. Central Recruitment Processes & Methods of Control ............... 89 4. Conclusion: The Effectiveness of Central Control..................... 103 vii IV. IMPLEMENTATION SLIPPAGE & ITS POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS................................................................. 105 1. Introduction.................................................................................. 105 2. Interpersonal Relationships & Chinese Politics ......................... 110 3. Political Implications for Central Control ................................. 126 4. Conclusion: The Strength of Central Control ............................ 130 V. CONCLUSIONS........................................................ 133 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................... 141 APPENDICES........................................................................................... 154 A. INFORMANTS............................................................................. 154 B. ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................... 166 viii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE Table 1.1 Hierarchical Distribution of 604 Chinese Cadres 17 Table 2.1 Age Criterion in the Eight Year Plan ................................. 27 Table 2.2 Education and Professionalism Requirements in the Eight Year Plan ................................................................... 28 Table 2.3 587 Cadres Age by Rank...................................................